scholarly journals Transfer of Technical Know-How Through Multinational Corporations in Pakistan

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Local Staff ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Know How

The traditional theory of foreign investment says that foreign investors, which usually are the multinational corporations, bring to underdeveloped countries not only foreign equity and loan capital most often in foreign exchange but also advanced technology and managerial experience. Most underdeve¬loped countries lack qualified technical skills and managerial personnel; local entrepreneurs are usually not adequately trained to meet the problems involved in rapid technological change. Multinational corporations bring with them sophisticated technical know-how, modern management and marketing techni¬ques and manufacturing experience. They also give training to local staff in both the technical and managerial fields. Some patented processes and designs necessary to successful production are sometimes made available under licence without the accompanying foreign loan/equity capital; but management, marketing and organizational skills, and some technical know-how complementary to the licensed technology is usually not transferred by multinational firms without having equity participa¬tion [1], Often the knowledge covered by licence alone is not sufficient; the complementary know-how and skills are required to apply the patented know¬ledge to actual production. Particularly in underdeveloped countries where local technical skills are scarce and technical personnel is limited, the comple¬mentary know-how and skill is very important.

scholarly journals A Note on Multinational Corporations and Technology Transfer Agreements

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Know How ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
Contractual Agreements

Multinational corporations are responsible for much of the technology transfer that occurs between the developed and developing countries. Conse¬quently, these corporations play an important role in economic development by supplying technical skills, managerial know-how and capital. However, this transfer of technology is not a costless process: these corporations remit money in the form of royalties, technical fees, and profits from the less developed countries. For undivided Pakistan, between 1965-1970 payments for royalties and technical fees averaged $102 million per year [2, p. 126]. If other costs, for example, profit repatriation and over-pricing of intermediate inputs, are included the figure would have been much higher. Much of the technology that has been transferred to Pakistan has been on a contractual basis through the subsidiaries of multinational corporations or through joint ventures with domestic Pakistani-owned companies in the agri¬cultural and industrial sectors of the economy. In an earlier study by Radhu [3, pp.361-74] the characteristics of fifty contractual agreements involving technology transfer upto 1969 have been described and analysed. This note examines the contractual agreements from 1970 to 1976. In all, fifty four contracts are examined.1 These agreements cover the manufacturing sector of the Pakistani economy.

scholarly journals The Internationalization of Firms: Some Lessons from ASEAN Firms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hanapi Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Business ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Know How ◽  
Asean Countries

In the last 50 years the debate on the development of international business remained unsettled, especially that concerning the establishment of multinational firms from developing countries. Using the Ownership Locational Internalization (OLI) Model this paper examined the formation of multinational firms from ASEAN countries. We found positive similarities in the advancement of the firm’s specific ownership advantages such as skills, management know-how, R&D and technological capabilities. Unlike the firms from developed countries, the firms from developing countries adopted local elements in their products and services.  

Managing National Competitive Disadvantages

2016 ◽  
pp. 278-294
Author(s):  
Scott A. Hipsher
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Barriers To Success ◽  
National Brand ◽  
National Environment

There are a number of national competitive disadvantages multinational firms in Thailand face, but these disadvantages do not create insurmountable barriers. The national competitive disadvantages found in Thailand include a national brand which is not associated with advanced technology and a lack of an innovative national environment. At the strategic level, foreign multinationals can often overcome these disadvantages by using competitive advantages coming from their country of origin while local multinationals can select to operate in more mature industries or through positioning into segments where the national competitive disadvantages do not create significant barriers to success.

Multinational Companies

2011 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Chetan Sankar ◽  
Karl-Heinz Rau
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Robert Bosch Gmbh ◽  
Regional Organization ◽  
Global Organization

• Understand different organization structure of multinational corporations • Apply the organization structure models to analyze the global organization structure of Robert Bosch GmbH • Analyze the regional organization structure for Robert Bosch US • Obtain an overview of the theoretical models of business strategies used by multinational firms

Coping Better with the Project´s Unknown Unknowns

2020 ◽  
pp. 1419-1440
Author(s):  
Yvonne-Gabriele Schoper ◽  
Fritz Böhle ◽  
Eckhard Heidling
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Influencing Parameters ◽  
And Mathematics

It is the goal of management to overcome and delete uncertainty. Uncertainty is seen as an obstacle and threat for successful management. However projects are full of uncertainty. Successful project management therefore aims to overcome and ideally delete uncertainty as far as possible. In project management, uncertainty and risk are often used synonymously. Current project management methodology contains only technics how to manage risk in projects. The assessment of risks is based on the precondition of stable conditions and the idea that the influencing parameters are known, assessable and calculable. Since more than 2,000 years it is the aim of the Western cultures to master the nature by natural sciences and mathematics. In the last three centuries of Modern Philosophy the perspective developed that analytical scientific know how (episteme) and technical skills (techne) can master any kind of complexity and risk. The third traditional Aristotelian competence, the practical wisdom (phronesis) however was perceived as not acknowledgeable.

The legal relationship between multinational oil companies and the Sudan: problems and prospects

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adila Abusharaf
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Oil Corporations ◽  
Crude Oil Production ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Marketing Operations

Multinational oil corporations (MNOCs) are a strategically important group of multinational corporations (MNCs). There are now many MNOCs operating in both the private and public sectors with remarkably diverse characters, strategies and objectives. Handling large budgets, revenue and capital, and complex advanced technology, they are responsible for exploration, crude oil production, refining, and distribution. These very capacities enable MNOCs to make a number of positive contributions to the economic growth and development of the developing oil-producing countries in which they operate. In that regard, MNOCs engage extensively in joint marketing operations with their host countries in various parts of the world, and foreign funds injected by MNOCs' operations relieve the shortage of financial capital and make greater production possible.

Regime Type and Foreign Direct Investment: A Transaction Cost Economics Approach to the Debate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin P. Johnson ◽  
Quan Li
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
Multiple Dimensions

A debate exists in international political economy on the relationship between regime type and foreign direct investment (FDI). The central point of contention focuses on whether multinational firms generally prefer to pursue business ventures in more democratic or autocratic countries. A considerable amount of theory has been developed on this topic; however, the arguments in previous studies lack consistency, and researchers have produced mixed empirical findings. A fundamental weakness in this literature is that while FDI has largely been treated conceptually as a homogeneous aggregate, in reality, it features divergent characteristics on multiple dimensions. Three possible dimensions that FDI can be decomposed on are: greenfield vs. brownfield, ownership type (wholly owned vs. joint venture), and horizontal vs. vertical. The most relevant dimensions to the problem at hand are: greenfield vs. brownfield, and horizontal vs. vertical. Five propositions, based on the notion of asset specificity, other investment attributes, and host nation domestic factors, are derived to predict how regime type might affect four types of FDI: vertical-greenfield; vertical-brownfield; horizontal-greenfield; and horizontal-brownfield. Depending on the type of FDI, multinational corporations may have no regime preference, an autocratic preference, or a democratic preference. This research contributes to empirical international relations theory by providing a useful example on how to resolve a scholarly debate, theoretically, and by laying out testable propositions for future empirical research.

scholarly journals International diversification and firm’s value: evidence from developing nations

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Bany-Ariffin ◽  
Bolaji Tunde Matemilola ◽  
Liza Wahid ◽  
Siti Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
International Diversification ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the impact of international diversification, through the investment abroad activities of the Malaysian multinational corporations (MNCs), on their financial performance. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies the panel generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique that gives better results. Findings The empirical findings show that the move to invest abroad has brought a positive impact on Malaysian MNCs’ financial performance. However, in terms of a firm’s risk, the results contradict the general internationalization-risk hypothesis. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on the top 100 multinational firms; future researchers may extend the time period and use the entire sample of all the multinational firms. Practical implications Foreign investments offer rewarding returns due to cheaper labour and raw materials, competitive edge in terms of technological advancement and larger market opportunities. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature using the panel GMM’s estimation that effectively control for reverse causality and serial correlation problem. The paper also contributes to the international diversification and performance relationship, in a fast-growing Malaysia.

A View of the Contribution of the Ergonomist in under-Developed Countries

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
The Political ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Basic Concepts

Ergonomists from advanced technology should recognize their basic concepts, data, and techniques may not be directly applicable to an under-developed country. For example, anthropometric data may not be suitable. And ergonomics decisions must be considered in light of the political and social factors of the under-developed country. However, ergonomists can make as effective a contribution to underdeveloped countries as any technological specialty.

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