Financial-Asset Accumulation by the Noncorporate Private Sector in Pakistan 1959/60 to 1965/66 (Notes and Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-86
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghafur
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Portfolio Selection ◽  
Domestic Saving ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Asset Accumulation ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Real Assets ◽  
Insight Into

A detailed investigation into the sources of domestic saving and its uses by various sectors can provide us with a more complete insight into behaviour with respect to saving, portfolio selection, and the pattern of financial interrelationship among sectors. The saving(s) of each sector is defined as the excess of its income (y) over its expenditure on current consumption (c), i.e., s = y—c. Saving (dissaving) by a sector is equivalent to increase (decrease) in the net worth (NW) of that sector over the previous year. A sector that saves must either acquire financial assets, i.e., money and other financial claims, reduce financial liabilities or acquire real assets. In formal terms, s = A net worth = A (financial assets — financial liabilities) + A real assets1 [8]. It is quite clear that saving may be reflected in a change of net financial assets or in a change in real asset; a change in net holdings of financial assets may indicate either saving or a change in holdings of real assets. It is even possible, albeit unusual, that an increase in the level of financial-asset acquisition is associated with a negative saving (y /. c) by a sector. However, while it dose not measure the level of saving by a sector, the net acquisition of financial assets does reflect the extent of transfer of resources (both stock and flow) by the sector to other sectors.

Intergenerational Redistributive Effects of Monetary Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Bielecki ◽  
Michał Brzoza-Brzezina ◽  
Marcin Kolasa
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Household Finance ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Monetary Shocks ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Asset Accumulation ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Redistributive Effects

Abstract This paper investigates the distributional consequences of monetary policy across generations. We use a life-cycle model with a rich asset structure as well as nominal and real rigidities, calibrated to the euro area using both macroeconomic aggregates and microeconomic evidence from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey. We show that the life-cycle profiles of income and asset accumulation decisions are important determinants of redistributive effects of monetary shocks. The redistribution is mainly driven by nominal assets and labor income, less by real financial assets and housing. Overall, we find that a typical monetary policy easing redistributes welfare from older to younger generations, and decreases net worth inequality associated with life-cycle motives.

Marketing Responsible Drinking Effectively to Young Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Doyle ◽  
Matthew Gaudet ◽  
Dominic Lay ◽  
Amber McLeod ◽  
Robert Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Major Question ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Vague Quantifiers ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Alberta Health

The primary goal of this research is to identify and examine the components of responsible drinking advertisements. We will examine industry and government related advertisements as we try to understand one of our major questions: does the source influence the validity of the message? The next group of major questions that we will be looking to answer is how are the vague quantifiers used in responsible drinking campaigns interpreted by the public?  How many drinks do people consider “too much?” What does “drink responsibly” really mean? The third major question is whether or not an individual’s current consumption patterns of alcohol have any effect on how individuals assess responsible drinking campaigns. Our qualitative research has indicated that social influences can be strongly related with drinking patterns; this will be further examined in our quantitative research. Also, we will be looking into some of the psychology behind industry and government sponsored advertisements as well as gathering and interpreting information from a sample of our target demographic. Our target demographic consists of both male and females between the ages 18-24. Our literature review and qualitative analysis gave us good insight into some of the potential answers to our questions. We will use these potential answers from our previous research to guide us as we attempt to conduct conclusive research based on a sample data of 169 individuals. Our findings will aid us in developing conclusions and recommendations for Alberta Health Services.

scholarly journals A Compensatory Fuzzy Logic Model in Technical Trading

Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Norma P. Rodríguez-Cándido ◽  
Rafael A. Espin-Andrade ◽  
Efrain Solares ◽  
Witold Pedrycz
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Logic Model ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
Efficient Prediction ◽  
High Degree

This work presents a novel approach to prediction of financial asset prices. Its main contribution is the combination of compensatory fuzzy logic and the classical technical analysis to build an efficient prediction model. The interpretability properties of the model allow its users to incorporate and consider virtually any set of rules from technical analysis, in addition to the investors’ knowledge related to the actual market conditions. This knowledge can be incorporated into the model in the form of subjective assessments made by investors. Such assessments can be obtained, for example, from the graphical analysis commonly performed by traders. The effectiveness of the model was assessed through its systematic application in the stock and cryptocurrency markets. From the results, we conclude that when the model shows a high degree of recommendation, the actual financial assets show high effectiveness.

scholarly journals Optimization of Financial Asset Neutrosophic Portfolios

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Marcel-Ioan Boloș ◽  
Ioana-Alexandra Bradea ◽  
Camelia Delcea
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Portfolio Risk ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Triangular Numbers ◽  
The Capital Market

The purpose of this paper was to model, with the help of neutrosophic fuzzy numbers, the optimal financial asset portfolios, offering additional information to those investing in the capital market. The optimal neutrosophic portfolios are those categories of portfolios consisting of two or more financial assets, modeled using neutrosophic triangular numbers, that allow for the determination of financial performance indicators, respectively the neutrosophic average, the neutrosophic risk, for each financial asset, and the neutrosophic covariance as well as the determination of the portfolio return, respectively of the portfolio risk. There are two essential conditions established by rational investors on the capital market to obtain an optimal financial assets portfolio, respectively by fixing the financial return at the estimated level as well as minimizing the risk of the financial assets neutrosophic portfolio. These conditions allowed us to compute the financial assets’ share in the total value of the neutrosophic portfolios, for which the financial return reaches the level set by investors and the financial risk has the minimum value. In financial terms, the financial assets’ share answers the legitimate question of rational investors in the capital market regarding the amount of money they must invest in compliance with the optimal conditions regarding the neutrosophic return and risk.

scholarly journals The financialisation of urban infrastructure: A framework of analysis

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1304-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Organisational Structure ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Insight Into

The literature on the financialisation of urban infrastructure typically traces how an infrastructure asset’s balance sheet is (re)engineered to create a financial asset. What the literature neglects are the processes by which an asset generates urban flows. Attention to these processes, we argue, not only gives better insight into the processes of financialisation of infrastructure but also exposes how the act of financing affects the operations of cities through its influence on the performance of infrastructure assets. The argument presented in the article is informed by case studies of infrastructure investments revealed in interviews conducted in New York, London and Sydney. This material is drawn on to generate a framework for understanding the relationships between infrastructure investing and the infrastructure-enabled flows of a city. This framework has three dimensions through which the financialisation process is seen to be mediated. These are capital structure, organisational structure and regulatory structure. The article argues that these mezzanine-level conceptualisations enable us to explore the to-and-fro between financing and operating cities. A key proposition is that the physical flows of a city are basic not only to the design and enactment of an investment instrument but also to its financial viability. The realisation of this relationship has changed the way investors approach infrastructure assets as investment products. Implications for urban management are drawn.

Financial Asset Holdings and Political Attitudes: Evidence from Revolutionary England *

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 1485-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumitra Jha
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Financial Asset ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
Parliamentary Supremacy ◽  
Asset Holdings

Abstract The English Parliament’s struggle for supremacy against monarchical dictatorship during the Civil War (1642–1648) was crucial for the establishment of representative government, yet its lessons continue to be debated. I exploit novel data on individual MPs drawn from 1,842 biographies to show that the conflict was over overseas interests and other factors over which the executive enjoyed broad constitutional discretion, rather than over domestic property rights. I further exploit the coincidence of individual MPs’ ability to sign legally binding share contracts with novel share offerings by overseas companies to measure the effect of overseas share investment on their political attitudes. I show that overseas shareholding pushed moderates lacking prior mercantile interests to support reform. I interpret the effect of financial assetholding as allowing new investors to exploit emerging economic opportunities overseas, aligning their interests with traders. By consolidating a broad parliamentary majority that favored reform, the introduction of financial assets also broadened support for the institutionalization of parliamentary supremacy over dictatorial rule.

scholarly journals Hiving off the non-essential: analysing which public organizations outsource administrative overhead

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-246
Author(s):  
Jan Boon ◽  
Koen Verhoest ◽  
Bruno De Borger
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Organizational Size ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Insight Into

This study contributes to our understanding of the characteristics of public organizations that are more likely to outsource administrative overhead. Despite the climate of ongoing crisis that urges public organizations to focus their resources on core tasks, little is known about the characteristics of organizations that hive off the delivery of non-essential administrative overhead processes to the private sector. This study runs a panel data Tobit model to test whether different effect sizes of structural, institutional and political characteristics are found regarding the probability of outsourcing and the degree of outsourcing of administrative overhead. We find that organizational size, formal autonomy, inertia and time matter for understanding the outsourcing of public organizations. Points for practitioners Across the globe, governments have turned to a rationalization of administrative overhead in response to austerity demands posed by the global financial crisis. The present study shows that large differences exist between organizations in terms of their propensity to turn to the private sector – one of the classic recipes for achieving efficiency gains – for the delivery of administrative overhead, and helps practitioners gain insight into the determinants of administrative overhead outsourcing.

Factors Contributing to Rehabilitation Counselor Success in the Private Sector in Michigan

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Martha H. Chapin ◽  
Michael J. Leahy
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Rehabilitation Counseling ◽  
Rehabilitation Counselors ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Rehabilitation Counselor ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Fair And Equitable Treatment ◽  
Equitable Treatment ◽  
Insight Into

This study sought to gain insight into the behaviors and perspectives of exemplary rehabilitation counselors and how they interpret best practices in the private sector. Twenty rehabilitation counselors nominated as exemplary were interviewed using a semi-structured, conversational approach. A qualitative approach for identifying thematic lines was used to analyze the data. Results and findings from this qualitative design are discussed and implications identified for the major theme of professional maturity. Two sub-themes were additionally identified (1) a belief in fair and equitable treatment of clients and (2) understanding the limitations of the roles and responsibilities of a private rehabilitation counselor. The client-counselor relationship was also emphasized as important to rehabilitation counseling practice in the private sector.

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