scholarly journals Análisis de la actividad volcánica tipo VT y LP del volcán Nevado del Ruiz entre 1985-2012 [Analysis of volcanic activity type VT and LP of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano between 1985-2012]

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Juliana Vega Salazar ◽  
José Alejandro Muñoz Maya
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Volcano Seismicity ◽  
Volcanic Monitoring ◽  
Fracture Fluid ◽  
Seismological Observatory ◽  
Cordillera De Los Andes ◽  
Research Assistants

En la Cordillera de los Andes existen varios complejos volcánicos, siendo el Complejo volcánico Cerro Bravo – Cerro Machín (CVCBCM), el más septentrional de ellos. El Volcán Nevado del Ruiz (VNR), ubicado en dicho complejo, está activo y su evento más devastador fue el ocurrido en noviembre 13 de 1985, cuando el flujo de lodo originado tras el deshielo parcial del casquete glaciar, producto de una erupción freato-magmática, arrasó la población de Armero (Tolima), con un saldo de 23000 personas muertas. Como respuesta a tal catástrofe, se creó el Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales, que lleva ya 27 años de constante monitoreo de la actividad de los volcanes del CVCBCM, para lo cual utiliza varias técnicas geofísicas, geodésicas y geoquímicas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar la actividad del volcán a partir de la sismicidad, considerando el conteo de eventos sísmicos y la energía liberada por los mismos, diferenciando los sismos fractura y los de movimiento de fluidos. La labor de clasificación y lectura de los sismos, cuenta con la participación activa de estudiantes de pregrado, fungiendo como asistentes de investigación, lo que les permite colaborar en la vigilancia volcánica y adquirir conocimientos dirigidos a su futuro desempeño como vulcanólogos.Palabras claves: Monitoreo volcánico, sismicidad, sismos de fractura, sismos de movimiento de fluidosIn the Andes there are several volcanic complexes, with the Volcanic Complex Cerro Bravo - Cerro Machin (CVCBCM), the northernmost of them. The Nevado del Ruiz volcano (VNR) located in said complex, is active and was the most devastating event occurred in November 13, 1985, when the mudflow caused after partial melting of the ice cap, the result of an eruption freato- magmatic, razed the town of Armero (Tolima), leaving 23,000 people dead. In response to this catastrophe, the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Manizales, which has been 27 years of constant monitoring of the activity of the volcanoes of CVCBCM, for which utilizes various geophysical, geodetic and geochemical techniques was created. This work aims to show the volcano seismicity from considering counting seismic events and the energy released by them, differentiating the fracture earthquakes and fluid motion. The work of sorting and reading earthquakes, with the active participation of undergraduates, serving as research assistants, allowing them to collaborate in volcano monitoring and acquire knowledge aimed at their future roles as volcanologists.Keywords: Volcanic Monitoring, seismicity, seismic fracture fluid motion earthquakes

Crustal seismicity associated to rpid surface uplift at Laguna del Maule Volcanic Complex, Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes

2018 ◽  
Vol 353 ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cardona ◽  
Andrés Tassara ◽  
Fernando Gil-Cruz ◽  
Luis Lara ◽  
Sergio Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Southern Volcanic Zone

scholarly journals Temporal Evolution of Magmatism in the Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes: The Geology and Petrology of Cayambe Volcanic Complex (Ecuador)

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2225-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
PABLO SAMANIEGO ◽  
HERVÉ MARTIN ◽  
MICHEL MONZIER ◽  
CLAUDE ROBIN ◽  
MICHEL FORNARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Northern Volcanic Zone

scholarly journals Volcanic ash as reusable catalyst in the green synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 600-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Muñoz ◽  
Gustavo Pasquale ◽  
Angel Gabriel Sathicq ◽  
Gustavo Pablo Romanelli ◽  
Carmen Inés Cabello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Reusable Catalyst ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Catalytic Materials ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Abstract The volcanic ash from the Andes mountain range (Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic complex situated in western South America on the Argentinean-Chilean border) was used as heterogeneous acid catalyst in the suitable synthesis of 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines. The natural ashes were classified according to their particle size to generate the different catalytic materials. The catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), vibrational spectroscopies (FT-IR and Raman), and textural properties were determined by N2 adsorption (SBET). Potentiometric titration with n-butylamine was used to determine the acidic properties of the catalytic materials. Several 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines were obtained by reaction of o-phenylenediamine and substituted 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione in solvent-free conditions, giving good to excellent yields of a variety benzodiazepines. The method was carried out in environmentally friendly conditions and it was operationally simple. The volcanic ash resulted in a safe and recyclable catalyst.

Notes on the genus Swartzia (Leguminosae) in Ecuador, with descriptions of two new species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Torke ◽  
Alvaro Perez
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Humid Forest Zone ◽  
Yasuni National Park ◽  
Amazonian Rainforest ◽  
Cordillera De Los Andes ◽  
Del Rio

Herbarium- and field-based research indicates that the neotropical genus Swartzia is represented in Ecuador by at least 17 species. A key is provided to aid their identification. In addition, two species, previously undocumented in the literature, are described and illustrated. Both appear to be endemic to Ecuador. Swartzia decidua is known from a confined area of the pre-montane humid forest zone on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains in Pichincha Province, where it is threatened by habitat destruction. It belongs to S. sect. Paucistaminae and is notable in the context of the genus for its very large petal and deciduous phenology. Swartzia yasuniensis occurs in Amazonian rainforest in the drainage of the Napo River in Orellana Province and is a new member of S. sect. Pittierianae. In an intensively studied 25-hectare plot in Yasuni National Park, it averaged 4 individuals (≥1 cm dbh) per hectare.  Investigación basada en trabajo de campo y de herbario indica que el género neotropical Swartzia está representado en Ecuador por lo menos por 17 especies. Se presenta una clave para ayudar con su identificación. Además, dos especies previamente indocumentadas en la literatura, son descritas e ilustradas. Ambas parecen ser endémicas para Ecuador. Swartzia decidua es conocida de un área confinada de la zona del bosque húmedo premontano en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes en la provincia de Pichincha, donde se ve amenazada por la destrucción del hábitat. Pertenece a S. sec. Paucistaminae y es notable en el contexto del género por su pétalo de gran tamaño y por ser árboles caducifolios. Swartzia yasuniensis ocurre en selva amazónica en la cuenca del río Napo en la provincia de Orellana y es un nuevo miembro de S. sec. Pittierianae. En una parcela de 25 hectáreas intensamente estudiada en el Parque Nacional Yasuní, se promedió 4 individuos (≥ 1 cm dap) por hectárea.

Glacier Modeling and the Climate of Patagonia during the Last Glacial Maximum

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Hulton ◽  
David Sugden ◽  
Antony Payne ◽  
Chalmers Clapperton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Glacial Maximum ◽  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

AbstractIce cap modeling constrained by empirical studies provides an effective way of reconstructing past climates. The former Patagonian ice sheet is in a climatically significant location since it lies athwart the Southern Hemisphere westerlies and responds to the latitudinal migration of climatic belts during glacial cycles. A numerical model of the Patagonian ice cap for the last glacial maximum (LGM) is developed, which is time-dependent and driven by changing the mass balance/altitude relationship. It relies on a vertically integrated continuity model of ice mass solved over a finite difference grid. The model is relatively insensitive to ice flow parameters but highly sensitive to mass balance. The climatic input is adjusted to produce the best fit with the known limits of the ice cap at the LGM. The ice cap extends 1800 km along the Andes and has a volume of 440,000 km3. During the LGM the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) was lower than at present by at least 560 m near latitude 40°S, 160 m near latitude 50°S, and 360 m near latitude 56°S. The latitudinal variation in ELA depression can be explained by an overall fall in temperature of about 3.0°C and the northward migration of precipitation belts by about 5° latitude. Annual precipitation totals may have decreased by about 0.7 m at latitude 50°S and increased by about 0.7 m at latitude 40°S. The ELA rises steeply by up to 4 m per kilometer from west to east as the westerlies cross the Andes and this prevents ice growth to the east. The limited decrease in temperature during the LGM could be related to the modest migration of the Antarctic convergence between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula.

scholarly journals Construcción de la memoria colectiva frente a la mercantilización de tierras cordilleranas. La experiencia de Campo Los Andes (Mendoza, Argentina)/ Construction of collective memory in the face of the commodification of cordilleran lands. The experience o

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Saldi ◽  
Roberto Scherbosky
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cordillera De Los Andes ◽  
High Range

En un contexto de expansión del capital hacia la Cordillera de Los Andes, el decreto nacional 225/17 dispuso la venta de inmuebles considerados ociosos o desaprovechados. Entre ellos, un terreno que desde 1901 ha sido administrado por el Ejército Nacional, denominado Campo Los Andes. Este se sitúa en el Valle de Uco (centro-oeste argentino), epicentro del desarrollo turístico-vitivinícola de vinos de alta gama. Para enfrentar la venta, sus moradores civiles junto a muy diversos actores sociales –entre ellos, integrantes de asambleas ciudadanas, partidos políticos, organizaciones campesinas y ambientalistas y distintos profesionales– llevaron a cabo una serie de acciones colectivas en defensa de dicho territorio y sus diversas materialidades ambientales e históricas. Por medio de observaciones en foros y cortes de ruta, de la consulta de notas periodísticas y documentos legales, describimos la diversidad de actores sociales que se articularon a lo largo de los meses posteriores a la publicación del decreto. Asimismo, analizamos cómo en este proceso la socialización de experiencias y del conocimiento socio-ambiental y cultural sobre Campo Los Andes propició la reconstrucción de una memoria social colectiva, la cual contrarrestó las propuestas hegemónicas de desarrollo orientadas al mercado financiero y al extractivismo, en este caso, el vitivinícola y el turismo de elite. Abstract In a context of capital expansion towards the Andes Mountains, the decree 225/17 ordered the sale of properties considered idle or unused. Among them was a land that since 1901 has been administered by the National Army, called Campo Los Andes. It is located in the Valle de Uco (Central-West Argentina), epicenter of the tourism-winegrowing development of high range wines. To stop this sale, its civil dwellers together with very diverse social actors –among them, members of citizen assemblies, political parties, peasant and environmental organizations and different professionals– carried out collective actions in defense of this territory and of the national sovereignty. Through observations in forums and road cuts, gathering of journalistic notes and legal documents, we describe the diversity of social actors that were articulated during the months following the publication of the decree. Likewise, we analyze how in this process, the socialization of experiences and socio-environmental and cultural knowledge about Campo Los Andes led to the reconstruction of a collective social memory, which counteracted the hegemonic proposals of development oriented to the financial market and extractivism, in this case, viticulture and elite tourism.

scholarly journals Dynamics of mountain ice caps during glacial cycles: the case of Patagonia

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Hulton ◽  
David Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Cap Model ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Quaternary Glaciations ◽  
The Last Glacial

We use a time-dependent ice-cap model to predict the pattern of growth and decay of the Patagonian ice cap during a simulated glacial cycle. The purpose is to illuminate the internal system dynamics and identity thresholds of stability related to the underlying topography. This is a necessary step if former ice-cap behaviour is to be linked to climatic change. The model, which is fully described elsewhere, portrays ice extent and surface altitude at intervals of 1000–5000 years. The modelling suggests that there are two stable ice-cap states largely influenced by topography, namely, the present distribution of upland ice fields and the long, linear ice cap along the Andes as represented by the Last Glacial Maximum. Both states can coexist in equilibrium with a climate similar to that of the present day. There is a third, larger variable state in which a more extensive ice cap extends into the adjacent plains, as occurred during early Quaternary glaciations. Warmer and/or drier conditions are required to remove all these ice caps. There are five ice centres during ice-cap growth.

Surface and Bedrock Topography of Ice Caps in Iceland, Mapped by Radio Echo-Sounding

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helgi Björnsson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Elevation ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
North East ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Echo Sounding

Since 1977, large areas on western Vatnajökull have been surveyed by ground-based, radio echo-sounding and the whole ice cap, HofsjökuIl, was surveyed in 1983. Detailed maps of the glacier-surface elevation and the sub-ice bedrock have been compiled. The instrumentation includes a 2–5 MHz, mono-pulse echo-sounder, for continuous profiling, a satellite geoceiver and Loran-C equipment, for navigation, and a precision pressure altimeter. The maps of western Vatnajökull cover about 1500 km2 and are compiled from 1500 km-long sounding lines, which yielded about 50 000 data points for ice thickness and 20 000 points for ice-surface elevation. The maps of HofsjökuIl cover 923 km2, the sounding lines were 1350 km long; 42 000 points were used for determining ice thickness and 30 000 for surface elevation. The maps obtained from these data are the first ones of the ice caps with surface elevation of known accuracy. The bedrock map of western Vatnajökull shows details of volcanic ridges and subglacial valleys, running north-east to south-west, as well as the central, volcanic complexes, Hamarinn, Bárdarbunga, and Grimsvtön and the related fissure swarms. The map of Hofsjökull reveals a large volcanic complex, with a 650 m deep caldera. The landforms in southern Hofsjökull are predominantly aligned from north to south, but those in the northern ice cap run north by 25° east.

scholarly journals The 4.2 ka cal BP major eruption of Cerro Blanco, Central Andes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel ◽  
Francisco-Jose Perez-Torrado ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez-Gonzalez ◽  
Norma Ratto ◽  
Marta Rejas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
Ash Fall ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Major Eruption

<p>The major eruption of the Cerro Blanco Volcanic Complex (CBVC), in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, NW Argentina, dated at 4410–4150 a cal BP, was investigated confirming that is the most important of the three major Holocene felsic eruptive events identified in the southern Puna (Fernandez-Turiel et al., 2019). Identification of pre–, syn–, and post–caldera products of CBVC allowed us to estimate the distribution of the Plinian fallout during the paroxysmal syn–caldera phase of the eruption. Results provide evidence for a major rhyolitic explosive eruption that spread volcanic deposits over an area of about 500,000 km<sup>2</sup>, accumulating >100 km<sup>3</sup> of tephra (bulk volume). This last value exceeds the lower threshold of Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI) of 7. Ash-fall deposits mantled the region at distances >400 km from source and thick pyroclastic-flow deposits filled neighbouring valleys up to several tens of kilometres from the vent. This eruption is the largest documented during the past five millennia in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, and is probably one of the largest Holocene explosive eruptions in the world.</p><p>The implications of the findings of the present work reach far beyond having some chronostratigraphic markers. Further interdisciplinary research should be performed in order to draw general conclusions on these impacts in local environments and the disruptive consequences for local communities. This is invaluable not just for understanding how the system may have been affected over time, but also for evaluating volcanic hazards and risk mitigation measures related to potential future large explosive eruptions.</p><p>Financial support was provided by the ASH and QUECA Projects (MINECO, CGL2008–00099 and CGL2011–23307). We acknowledge the assistance in the analytical work of labGEOTOP Geochemistry Laboratory (infrastructure co–funded by ERDF–EU Ref. CSIC08–4E–001) and DRX Laboratory (infrastructure co–funded by ERDF–EU Ref. CSIC10–4E–141) (J. Ibañez, J. Elvira and S. Alvarez) of ICTJA-CSIC, and EPMA and SEM Laboratories of CCiTUB (X. Llovet and J. Garcia Veigas). This study was carried out in the framework of the Research Consolidated Groups GEOVOL (Canary Islands Government, ULPGC) and GEOPAM (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2017 SGR 1494).</p><p> </p><p>Fernandez–Turiel, J.L., Perez–Torrado, F.J., Rodriguez–Gonzalez, A., Saavedra, J., Carracedo, J.C., Rejas, M., Lobo, A., Osterrieth, M., Carrizo, J.I., Esteban, G., Gallardo, J., Ratto, N., 2019. The large eruption 4.2 ka cal BP in Cerro Blanco, Central Volcanic Zone, Andes: Insights to the Holocene eruptive deposits in the southern Puna and adjacent regions. Estudios Geologicos 75, e088.</p>

Miocene fossil hydrothermal system associated with a volcanic complex in the Andes of central Chile

2004 ◽  
Vol 138 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Fuentes ◽  
Luis Aguirre ◽  
Mario Vergara ◽  
Leticia Valdebenito ◽  
Eugenia Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal System ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
The Andes
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