scholarly journals The Application of Geophysical Techniques in Tracking Leachate Plumes Migration in a Typical Cemetery within the Sandy formation in Benin City, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idehen Osabuohien ◽  
Alile Owens Monday ◽  
Airen O. John
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Horizontal Migration ◽  
Average Travel Time ◽  
Leachate Plume ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
And Migration

The survey aim is to track leachate plumes within the sandy formation which is below the surface laterite layer. It investigates the presence and migration of leachate plumes in the sandy region in a typical cemetery (Third Cemetery), in Benin City, Nigeria. The research engaged Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-Dimensional computation of time- lapse to detect the time rate of migration in both the vertical and horizontal directions.The field work covered a time – lapse of six months (June 2017 to December 2017). The electrical resistivity data collected in parallel equidistant lines was processed to obtain geoelectric models using Res2dinv. The leachate plumes in the cemetery migrate vertically and horizontally at different rates. The maximum and minimum rates of vertical migration are 4.1 cm/day and 0.2 cm/day respectively, while the maximum and minimum rates of horizontal migration are 32.8 cm/day and 1.7 cm/day respectively. The volumetric analysis of the plume zones indicates that of the 75,231m3 of the subsurface imaged, 6,322 m3 is the zone contaminated by leachate plume, that is, 8.4 % of the earth volume investigated contained leachate plume. The research also showed that repeated ERT surveys can track movement of leachate plume emanating from decomposed dead bodies over time in active cemetery. The average travel time for a leachate plume to transverse a vertical distance of 6.6 m in coarse sand is 366.7 days at constant migration speed of 1.8 cm/day. 

scholarly journals Volumetric Analysis 0f 3-D Resistivity Distribution of Leachate Plume in Third Cemetery, Benin, South-South, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Osabuohien Idehen
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Benin City ◽  
The People ◽  
Leachate Plume ◽  
And Migration

This paper aims to carry out the volumetric analysis of 3-D resistivity distribution of leachate plume in Third Cemetery, Benin City, South-South, Nigeria. If not appropriately located or not sufficiently protected, cemeteries pose a significant health problem for the people (Fisher and Croupkamp,1993). Health concern about the possible impact of the cemeteries in Nigeria on the water supply has prompted this research. The research engaged 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional imaging (tomography) to investigate the presence and migration of leachate plumes in the cemetery and computation of time-lapse to detect the time rate of migration in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The geoelectric models obtained for the surveys displayed leachate plumes starting from the laterite (the burial environment) down to the sandy formation (the regional water supply source). The leachate plumes presence in the sand bed is modeled and described as shown in the 2-D and 3-D displays. This study showed that parts of the cemetery had been contaminated. This contamination was also observed to have infiltrated into the aquifer in the cemetery. 3-D block model, using Voxler 4.0 software was employed to carry out the volumetric analysis of the 3-D resistivity distribution of leachate plume in the Third Cemetery.

scholarly journals Determination of Leachate Plume Migrations from Selected Cemeteries in Benin-City Metropolis using Integrated Physicochemical and Geophysical Methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-74
Author(s):  
O. J. Airen
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Subsurface Geology ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Leachate Plume

Environmental geo-forensics which involves an integrated suite of geochemical and geophysical  techniques was used to detect and evaluate contaminant plume migrations from three cemeteries (names of the cemeteries are; First, second and third cemeteries, all in Benin City) within Benin-City metropolis, South-South Nigeria. The study aimed at determining the risks to groundwater and soil by assessing the rate of leachate plume migrations on the study area. The Very Low Frequency-Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) surveys revealed locations of conductive bodies. The Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) surveys showed patterns and resistivity values indicating the presence of leachate plumes around second and third cemeteries, and no presence of leachate around first cemetery. Soil samples from shallow depths within the vicinities of the cemeteries revealed pollution which had probably migrated from the study area. The surface and subsurface soil investigations showed pure laterites which is impervious to fluid flow. Generally, many depressions were identified within the study area, although migration rate is low because it is controlled mainly by the subsurface geology. A time lapse study showed contaminant migration rates of 41.6 cm/month and 51.7 cm/month in the horizontal directions in the second and third cemeteries respectively and 19.2 cm/month in the vertical directions for both (second and third) cemeteries. Also, the arrival time of migrating plumes in laterite layer under was estimated to be 4 years. This investigation demonstrates the suitability of environmental and criminal geo-forensics for identification and evaluation of electrically conductive contaminant plumes, and also to monitor the plume as it travels within the subsurface.

scholarly journals The Impact of Typical Cemetery on Groundwater Using both Geophysical Techniques and Physicochemical Analyses of Water in South-South, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p12
Author(s):  
Idehen Osabuohien
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Benin City ◽  
The Impact

This research work focuses on the impact of cemetery on the groundwater with respect to time. It was carried out using Joint Geophysical Methods and Hydro physicochemical analysis.  In addition to these methods this study went further to apply Multivariate Statistical Analyses (Water Quality Index, Principle Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis) in the investigation. This research work was done in Third Cemetery, New Benin, Benin City. Though there are three major cemeteries in Benin Metropolis Third Cemetery was selected for this purpose. In Benin City and Nigeria in general, the major cemeteries are located close to human residential areas and virtually all the populace within this locality depends on groundwater as the primary water source for various domestic purposes. The spread of electrodes reaches a maximum of 230m which covers the entire length of the cemetery. Electrodes (41) were needed in this research to generate data and the result compared with the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater. The field work covered a time lapse of six months (June, 2017 to December, 2017). Toxic chemicals that may be released into groundwater include substances that were used in embalming and burial practices as well as varnishes, sealers and preservatives and metal component of ornaments used on wooden coffins (Jonker and Olivier, 2012).Wood preservatives and paints used in coffin construction contain compounds such as copper, naphthalene and ammoniac or chromated copper arsenate (Spongberg and Becks, 2000). Paints contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium; arsenic is used as a pigment, wood preservative and anti-fouling ingredient while barium is used as a pigment and a corrosion inhibitor (Katz and Salem, 2005; Huang et al., 2010; Jonker and Olivier, 2012).

scholarly journals OPTICAL FLOW APPLIED TO TIME-LAPSE IMAGE SERIES TO ESTIMATE GLACIER MOTION IN THE SOUTHERN PATAGONIA ICE FIELD

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 503-509
Author(s):  
E. Lannutti ◽  
M. G. Lenzano ◽  
C. Toth ◽  
L. Lenzano ◽  
A. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Mass Motion ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Optical Flow Method ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Glacier Motion

In this work, we assessed the feasibility of using optical flow to obtain the motion estimation of a glacier. In general, former investigations used to detect glacier changes involve solutions that require repeated observations which are many times based on extensive field work. Taking into account glaciers are usually located in geographically complex and hard to access areas, deploying time-lapse imaging sensors, optical flow may provide an efficient solution at good spatial and temporal resolution to describe mass motion. Several studies in computer vision and image processing community have used this method to detect large displacements. Therefore, we carried out a test of the proposed Large Displacement Optical Flow method at the Viedma Glacier, located at South Patagonia Icefield, Argentina. We collected monoscopic terrestrial time-lapse imagery, acquired by a calibrated camera at every 24 hour from April 2014 until April 2015. A filter based on temporal correlation and RGB color discretization between the images was applied to minimize errors related to changes in lighting, shadows, clouds and snow. This selection allowed discarding images that do not follow a sequence of similarity. Our results show a flow field in the direction of the glacier movement with acceleration in the terminus. We analyzed the errors between image pairs, and the matching generally appears to be adequate, although some areas show random gross errors related to the presence of changes in lighting. The proposed technique allowed the determination of glacier motion during one year, providing accurate and reliable motion data for subsequent analysis.

Oil and gas in Kurgan region

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
A. A. Arsenyev ◽  
D. S. Leontiev ◽  
M. D. Zavatsky ◽  
V. V. Saltykov
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
Gas Recovery ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Geochemical Studies ◽  
High Degree

This article analyzes the prospects of petroleum potential in Kurgan region. The relevance of the work is due to the high degree of development of the traditional oil and gas recovery areas of Western Siberia, which leads to the need to organize search activities in areas with a low density of hydrocarbon resources. We have analyzed the results of exploratory drilling in the area of the Alabuga river in Kurgan region, and have studied the history of detections of onshore oil occurrences there. Based on the results of the retrospective analysis, the research area was determined, field work was performed to determine the state of search wells in the area, and a collection of geochemical soil and liquid samples was selected. The analysis of the samples revealed that all of them contain methane and its homologues up to and including pentane. The genesis of light methane homologs is related to the processes of catagenesis; their detection on the surface indicates active processes of generation and migration of petroleum hydrocarbons. Based on the analysis of archival materials and estimated ground-based geochemical studies, a conclusion is made about petroleum potential in Kurgan region.

scholarly journals Renewal and Differentiation of GCD Necklace Olfactory Sensory Neurons

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lissitsyna Bloom ◽  
Lucille B Johnston ◽  
Sandeep Robert Datta
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Horizontal Migration ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Β Tubulin

Abstract Both canonical olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and sensory neurons belonging to the guanylate cyclase D (GCD) “necklace” subsystem are housed in the main olfactory epithelium, which is continuously bombarded by toxins, pathogens, and debris from the outside world. Canonical OSNs address this challenge, in part, by undergoing renewal through neurogenesis; however, it is not clear whether GCD OSNs also continuously regenerate and, if so, whether newborn GCD precursors follow a similar developmental trajectory to that taken by canonical OSNs. Here, we demonstrate that GCD OSNs are born throughout adulthood and can persist in the epithelium for several months. Phosphodiesterase 2A is upregulated early in the differentiation process, followed by the sequential downregulation of β-tubulin and the upregulation of CART protein. The GCD and MS4A receptors that confer sensory responses upon GCD neurons are initially expressed midway through this process but become most highly expressed once CART levels are maximal late in GCD OSN development. GCD OSN maturation is accompanied by a horizontal migration of neurons toward the central, curved portions of the cul-de-sac regions where necklace cells are concentrated. These findings demonstrate that—like their canonical counterparts—GCD OSNs undergo continuous renewal and define a GCD-specific developmental trajectory linking neurogenesis, maturation, and migration.

scholarly journals Determinants of Flooding and Strategies for Mitigation: Two-Year Case Study of Benin City

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Cirella ◽  
Felix Iyalomhe ◽  
Paul Adekola
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
High Water ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Transportation Routes ◽  
The City

Recent flood disasters in Benin City, Nigeria have claimed a number of lives, damaged property, and threatened the overall livelihood of residents. The economic burden of such events has forced a vast reallocation of monetary resources for clean-up and recovery, as well as forcibly altered and suspended internal trade via devastated transportation routes. Secondary trends include inflation and migration concerns. As a result, the aim has been to prioritize mitigation by examining easily read, rapidly accessible flood hazard maps, as well as assess and identify areas within the city prone to flooding. We used a number of data sources and conducted a questionnaire surveying three of the local government areas of Benin City over a two-year period. Findings indicate excessive unsustainable land use and land cover change and a flat and high water table area with close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean make the city susceptible to flood risk. Heavy rainfall and drainage system blockage are leading causes of flooding which have destroyed property and houses—two major side effects. A number of mitigation and disaster risk reduction measures were, hereafter, recommended to reduce flooding occurrence in Benin City or lessen its effects on inhabitants.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Ecology of Animal Movement: Evidence From Birds and Mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tovah Kashetsky ◽  
Tal Avgar ◽  
Reuven Dukas
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nest Location ◽  
And Migration

Cognition, defined as the processes concerned with the acquisition, retention and use of information, underlies animals’ abilities to navigate their local surroundings, embark on long-distance seasonal migrations, and socially learn information relevant to movement. Hence, in order to fully understand and predict animal movement, researchers must know the cognitive mechanisms that generate such movement. Work on a few model systems indicates that most animals possess excellent spatial learning and memory abilities, meaning that they can acquire and later recall information about distances and directions among relevant objects. Similarly, field work on several species has revealed some of the mechanisms that enable them to navigate over distances of up to several thousand kilometers. Key behaviors related to movement such as the choice of nest location, home range location and migration route are often affected by parents and other conspecifics. In some species, such social influence leads to the formation of aggregations, which in turn may lead to further social learning about food locations or other resources. Throughout the review, we note a variety of topics at the interface of cognition and movement that invite further investigation. These include the use of social information embedded in trails, the likely important roles of soundscapes and smellscapes, the mechanisms that large mammals rely on for long-distance migration, and the effects of expertise acquired over extended periods.

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