Interspecific variation and phylogenic architecture of Pinus densata and the hybrid of Pinus tabuliformis×Pinus Yunnanensis in the Pinus densata habitat: an Electrical Impedance Spectra perspective
We evaluated a novel and non-destructive method of the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to elucidatethe genetic and evolutionary relationship of homoploid hybrid conifer of Pinus densata (P.d) and its parental species Pinus tabuliformis (P.t) and Pinus yunnanensis(P.y), as well as the artificial hybrids of the P.t and P.y. Field common garden tests of96 trees sampled from 760 seedlings and 480 EIS records of 1,440 needles assessed the interspecific variation of the P.d, P.t, P.y and the artificial hybrids. We found that (1) EIS at different frequencies diverged significantly among germplasms; P.ywasthe highest, P.t was the lowest, and their artificial hybrids were within the range of P.t and P.y; (2) maternal species effect of EIS magnitudes inthe hybrids and P.d was stronger than the paternal species characteristics; (3)EIS of the artificial hybrid confirmed the mid-parent and partial maternal species characteristics;(4) unified exponential modelof EIS for the interspecific and hybrids canbe constructedas; (5) cluster analysis for species and hybrid combinationsin total corroborated with the previous hybrid model ofPinus densata. Our non-destructive EIS method complemented the previous finding that Pinus densata was originated from P.t and P.y. We conclude that the impedance would be a viable indicator to investigate the interspecific genetic variations of conifers.