Potensi Batuan Induk Hidrokarbon Serpih Gumai di Talang Padang, Kabupaten Tanggamus Propinsi Lampung

Identifikasi interval batuan yang mungkin berpotensi sebagai batuan induk merupakan langkah awal eksplorasi yang penting, oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang potensi batuan sedimen yang mengandung bahan organik dengan kadar tertentu, yang oleh panas dan waktu dapat menghasilkan hidrokarbon dalam bentuk minyak atau gas secara tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fasies dan potensi batuan induk hidrokarbon Formasi Gumai di Talang Padang, Cekungan Sumatra Selatan. Analisis geokimia guna mengetahui potensi dan kualitas batuan induk dilakukan pada serpih penyusun Formasi Gumai. Hasil analisis potensi dan kualitas Batuan Induk menunjukkan kandungan TOC 3,55 termasuk “sangat baik”. Rock-Eval menunjukkan bahwa serpih berpotensi “sedang” sebagai batuan induk hidrokarbon (S2 = 4,32 kg/ton). Angka Ro (<0,6) menunjukkan tingkat pematangan hidrokarbon belum tercapai. Nilai HI yang relatif tinggi mencerminkan bahwa batuan ini jika mencapai kematangan akan cenderung menghasilkan minyak. Nilai HI antara 456 mgHC/g umumnya berasal dari kerogen tipe II yang secara dominan mengandung unsur organisme laut dan darat.Rock Identification intervals that might be as potential source rocks is an important initial exploration step, therefore it is necessary to conduct research on the potential of sedimentary rocks containing certain levels of organic material, which by heat and time can produce hydrocarbons in the form of oil or gas appropriately. This study aims to identify the facies and potentials of the Gumai Formation hydrocarbon source rock in Talang Padang, South Sumatra Basin. Geochemical analysis to determine the potential and quality of the source rock is carried out on the Gumai Formation shale. The results of the analysis of the potential and quality of the Parent Rock showed that the TOC content of 3.55 was "very good". Rock-Eval shows that shale has the potential to be "medium" as a hydrocarbon source rock (S2 = 4.32 kg/ton). Ro (<0.6) indicates the level of hydrocarbon maturation has not been reached. The relatively high HI value reflects that if these rocks reach maturity they will tend to produce oil. HI values between 456 mgHC/g are generally derived from type II kerogen which predominantly contains marine and terrestrial organisms.

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The Cambrian Henson Gletscher Formation: a mature to postmature hydrocarbon source rock sequence from North Greenland

Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse ◽

10.34194/rapggu.v133.7984 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 133 ◽

pp. 141-157

Author(s):

F.G Christiansen ◽

H Nøhr-Hansen ◽

O Nykjær

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽

Reservoir Rocks ◽

Potential Source ◽

Potential Reservoir ◽

Field Season ◽

North Greenland

During the 1985 field season the Cambrian Henson Gletscher Formation in central North Greenland was studied in detail with the aim of evaluating its potential as a hydrocarbon source rock. The formation contains organic rich shale and carbonate mudstone which are considered to be potential source rocks. These are sedimentologically coupled with a sequence of sandstones and coarse carbonates which might be potential reservoir rocks or migration conduits. Most of the rocks exposed on the surface are, however, thermally mature to postrnature with respect to hydrocarbon generation, leaving only few chances of finding trapped oil in the subsurface of the area studied in detail.

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Integration of the outcrop and subsurface geochemical data: implications for the hydrocarbon source rock evaluation in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-018-0569-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 937-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sajjad Ahmad ◽

Faizan Ahmad ◽

Abd Ullah ◽

Muhammad Eisa ◽

Farman Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Vitrinite Reflectance ◽

Indus Basin ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation Potential ◽

Well Data

Abstract The present study details the hydrocarbon source rock geochemistry and organic petrography of the outcrop and subsurface samples of the Middle Jurassic Chiltan Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation from the Sann #1 well Central and Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. The total organic carbon (TOC), Rock–Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (Ro) % and Maceral analysis techniques were used and various geochemical plots were constructed to know the quality of source rock, type of kerogen, level of maturity and migration history of the hydrocarbons. The outcrop and Sann #1 well data on the Sembar Formation reveals poor, fair, good and very good quality of the TOC, type II–III kerogen, immature–mature organic matter and an indigenous hydrocarbon generation potential. The outcrop and Sann #1 well data on the Chiltan Formation show a poor–good quality of TOC, type II–III kerogen, immature–mature source rock quality and having an indigenous hydrocarbon generation potential. The vitrinite reflectance [Ro (%)] values and Maceral types [fluorescent amorphous organic matter, exinite, alginite and inertnite] demonstrate that maturity in both Sembar and the Chiltan formation at surface and subsurface fall in the oil and gas generation zone to cracking of oil to gas condensate zone. Recurrence of organic rich and poor intervals within the Sembar and Chiltan formation are controlled by the Late Jurassic thermal uplift preceding the Indo-Madagascar separation from the Afro-Arabian Plate and Early Cretaceous local transgressive–regressive cycles. From the current study, it is concluded that both Sembar and Chiltan formation can act as a potential hydrocarbon source rock in the study area.

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Source rock geochemistry of shale samples from Ege-1 and Ege-2 wells, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-020-01038-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

S. L. Fadiya ◽

S. A. Adekola ◽

B. M. Oyebamiji ◽

O. T. Akinsanpe

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Type Iii ◽

Niger Delta Basin ◽

Rock Eval

AbstractSelected shale samples within the middle Miocene Agbada Formation of Ege-1 and Ege-2 wells, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria, were evaluated using total organic carbon content (TOC) and Rock–Eval pyrolysis examination with the aim of determining their hydrocarbon potential. The results obtained reveal TOC values varying from 1.64 to 2.77 wt% with an average value of 2.29 wt% for Ege-1 well, while Ege-2 well TOC values ranged from 1.27 to 3.28 wt% (average of 2.27 wt%) values which both fall above the minimum threshold (0.5%) for hydrocarbon generation potential in the Niger Delta. Rock–Eval pyrolysis data revealed that the shale source rock samples from Ege-1 well are characterized by Type II–Type III kerogens which are thermally mature to generate oil or gas/oil. The Ege-2 well pyrolysis result showed that some of the ditch cutting samples are comprised of Type II (oil prone) and Type III (gas-prone kerogen) which are thermally immature to marginal maturity (Tmax 346–439 °C). This study concludes that the shale intercalations between reservoir sands of the Agbada Formation are good source rocks in early maturity and also must have contributed to the vast petroleum reserve in the Niger Delta Basin because of the subsidence of the basin.

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The Silurian shales of central and western North Greenland: evaluation of hydrocarbon source rock potential

Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse ◽

10.34194/rapggu.v143.8057 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 143 ◽

pp. 47-71

Author(s):

F.G Christiansen ◽

H Nøhr-Hansen

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Black Shales ◽

Drainage Area ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Thermal Maturity ◽

Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽

Potential Source ◽

Drastic Increase ◽

North Greenland

The Silurian shales of central and western North Greenland form a more than 400 m thick succession which contains some potential hydrocarbon source rock intervals. Deposition of these organic-rich units was restricted in both time and space and potential source rocks only formed when and where black shales covered wide areas of sballow-water carbonates. Such deposition started in the middle Llandovery in Washington Land and continued tboughout the region in the late Llandovery. Neither the Wenlock nor the Ludlow shales contain sufficient organic matter to be considered as potential source rocks. The potential source rocks are dominated by oil-prone organic matter (large amorphous kerogen particles, mainly type Il) and typically show TOC values between 2% and 6%. The generative potential of immature to early mature samples is high with values up to 30 mg Hag rock. A drastic increase in thermal maturity of surface rocks is observed from south to north and most of the potential drainage area is thermally mature to postmature. This leaves only few chances of finding trapped hydrocarbons sourced by Silurian shales in North Greenland.

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Source rock characterization of mesozoic to cenozoic organic matter rich marls and shales of the Eratosthenes Seamount, Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles ◽

10.2516/ogst/2018036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sebastian Grohmann ◽

Susanne W. Fietz ◽

Ralf Littke ◽

Samer Bou Daher ◽

Maria Fernanda Romero-Sarmiento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Source Rock ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽

Potential Source Rock ◽

Levant Basin ◽

Rock Characterization ◽

Rock Eval

Several significant hydrocarbon accumulations were discovered over the past decade in the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Onshore studies have investigated potential source rock intervals to the east and south of the Levant Basin, whereas its offshore western margin is still relatively underexplored. Only a few cores were recovered from four boreholes offshore southern Cyprus by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) during the drilling campaign Leg 160 in 1995. These wells transect the Eratosthenes Seamount, a drowned bathymetric high, and recovered a thick sequence of both pre- and post-Messinian sedimentary rocks, containing mainly marine marls and shales. In this study, 122 core samples of Late Cretaceous to Messinian age were analyzed in order to identify organic-matter-rich intervals and to determine their depositional environment as well as their source rock potential and thermal maturity. Both Total Organic and Inorganic Carbon (TOC, TIC) analyses as well as Rock-Eval pyrolysis were firstly performed for the complete set of samples whereas Total Sulfur (TS) analysis was only carried out on samples containing significant amount of organic matter (>0.3 wt.% TOC). Based on the Rock-Eval results, eight samples were selected for organic petrographic investigations and twelve samples for analysis of major aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. The organic content is highly variable in the analyzed samples (0–9.3 wt.%). TS/TOC as well as several biomarker ratios (e.g. Pr/Ph < 2) indicate a deposition under dysoxic conditions for the organic matter-rich sections, which were probably reached during sporadically active upwelling periods. Results prove potential oil prone Type II kerogen source rock intervals of fair to very good quality being present in Turonian to Coniacian (average: TOC = 0.93 wt.%, HI = 319 mg HC/g TOC) and in Bartonian to Priabonian (average: TOC = 4.8 wt.%, HI = 469 mg HC/g TOC) intervals. A precise determination of the actual source rock thickness is prevented by low core recovery rates for the respective intervals. All analyzed samples are immature to early mature. However, the presence of deeper buried, thermally mature source rocks and hydrocarbon migration is indicated by the observation of solid bitumen impregnation in one Upper Cretaceous and in one Lower Eocene sample.

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Geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of the Narimba Formation source rock, Bass Basin, Australia

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-020-00992-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 3207-3225

Author(s):

Mohamed Ragab Shalaby ◽

Muhammad Izzat Izzuddin bin Haji Irwan ◽

Liyana Nadiah Osli ◽

Md Aminul Islam

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Vitrinite Reflectance ◽

Depositional Environments ◽

Geochemical Characteristics ◽

Type Ii ◽

Wet Gas ◽

Kerogen Type ◽

Rock Characterization ◽

Rock Eval ◽

Oil Gas

Abstract This research aims to conduct source rock characterization on the Narimba Formation in the Bass Basin, Australia, which is made of mostly sandstone, shale and coal. The geochemical characteristics and depositional environments have been investigated through a variety of data such as rock–eval pyrolysis, TOC, organic petrography and biomarkers. Total organic carbon (TOC) values indicated good to excellent organic richness with values ranging from 1.1 to 79.2%. Kerogen typing of the examined samples from the Narimba Formation indicates that the formation contains organic matter capable of generating kerogen Type-III, Type-II-III and Type-II which is gas prone, oil–gas prone and oil prone, respectively. Pyrolysis maturity parameters (Tmax, PI), in combination with vitrinite reflectance and some biomarkers, all confirm that all samples are at early mature to mature and are in the oil and wet gas windows. The biomarkers data (the isoprenoids (Pr/Ph), CPI, isoprenoids/n-alkanes distribution (Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18), in addition to the regular sterane biomarkers (C27, C28 and C29) are mainly used to evaluate the paleodepositional environment, maturity and biodegradation. It has been interpreted that the Narimba Formation was found to be deposited in non-marine (oxygen-rich) depositional environment with a dominance of terrestrial plant sources. All the analyzed samples show clear indication to be considered at the early mature to mature oil window with some indication of biodegradation.

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Liquid hydrocarbon characterization of the lacustrine Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China: Organic-matter source variation and thermal maturity

Interpretation ◽

10.1190/int-2016-0114.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. SF225-SF242 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xun Sun ◽

Quansheng Liang ◽

Chengfu Jiang ◽

Daniel Enriquez ◽

Tongwei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Ordos Basin ◽

Depositional Environments ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Type I ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Thermal Maturity ◽

Yanchang Formation

Source-rock samples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin of China were geochemically characterized to determine variations in depositional environments, organic-matter (OM) source, and thermal maturity. Total organic carbon (TOC) content varies from 4 wt% to 10 wt% in the Chang 7, Chang 8, and Chang 9 members — the three OM-rich shale intervals. The Chang 7 has the highest TOC and hydrogen index values, and it is considered the best source rock in the formation. Geochemical evidence indicates that the main sources of OM in the Yanchang Formation are freshwater lacustrine phytoplanktons, aquatic macrophytes, aquatic organisms, and land plants deposited under a weakly reducing to suboxic depositional environment. The elevated [Formula: see text] sterane concentration and depleted [Formula: see text] values of OM in the middle of the Chang 7 may indicate the presence of freshwater cyanobacteria blooms that corresponds to a period of maximum lake expansion. The OM deposited in deeper parts of the lake is dominated by oil-prone type I or type II kerogen or a mixture of both. The OM deposited in shallower settings is characterized by increased terrestrial input with a mixture of types II and III kerogen. These source rocks are in the oil window, with maturity increasing with burial depth. The measured solid-bitumen reflectance and calculated vitrinite reflectance from the temperature at maximum release of hydrocarbons occurs during Rock-Eval pyrolysis ([Formula: see text]) and the methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1) chemical maturity parameters range from 0.8 to [Formula: see text]. Because the thermal labilities of OM are associated with the kerogen type, the required thermal stress for oil generation from types I and II mixed kerogen has a higher and narrower range of temperature for hydrocarbon generation than that of OM dominated by type II kerogen or types II and III mixed kerogen deposited in the prodelta and delta front.

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ACCURATE RECOGNITION OF SOURCE ROCK CHARACTER IN THE JURASSIC OF THE NORTH WEST SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj91023 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Scott

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Organic Material ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Screening Analysis ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Potential Source Rock ◽

Rock Eval

The main potential source rock intervals are generally well defined on the North West Shelf by screening analysis such as Rock-Eval. The type of product from the source rocks is not well defined, owing to inadequacies in current screening analysis techniques. The implications of poor definition of source type in acreage assessment are obvious. The type of product is dependent on the level of organic maturity of the source rock, the ability of products to migrate out of the source rock and on the type of organic material present. The type of kerogen present is frequently determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. However, Rock-Eval has severe limitations in defining product type when there is a significant input of terrestrial organic material. This problem has been recognised in Australian terrestrial/continental sequences but also occurs where marine source rock facies contain terrestrially-derived higher plant material. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography as applied to source rock analysis provides, by molecular typing, a better method of estimating the type of products of the kerogen breakdown than bulk chemical analysis such as Rock-Eval pyrolysis.

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Organic geochemical and palynological studies of the Maastrichtian source rock intervals in Bida Basin, Nigeria: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-020-00989-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 3191-3206

Author(s):

Olusola J. Ojo ◽

Ayoola Y. Jimoh ◽

Juliet C. Umelo ◽

Samuel O. Akande

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Vitrinite Reflectance ◽

Source Rocks ◽

High Yield ◽

Thermal Maturity ◽

Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽

Moderate Amount ◽

Oxic Condition ◽

Freshwater Swamp

Abstract The Patti Formation which consists of sandstone and shale offers the best potential source beds in the Bida Basin. This inland basin is one of the basins currently being tested for hydrocarbon prospectivity in Nigeria. Fresh samples of shale from Agbaja borehole, Ahoko quarry and Geheku road cut were analysed using organic geochemical and palynological techniques to unravel their age, paleoecology, palynofacies and source bed hydrocarbon potential. Palynological data suggest Maastrichtian age for the sediments based on the abundance of microfloral assemblage; Retidiporites magdalenensis, Echitriporites trianguliformis and Buttinia andreevi. Dinocysts belonging to the Spiniferites, Deflandrea and Dinogymnium genera from some of the analysed intervals are indicative of freshwater swamp and normal sea conditions. Palynological evidence further suggests mangrove paleovegetation and humid climate. Relatively high total organic carbon TOC (0.77–8.95 wt%) was obtained for the shales which implies substantial concentration of organic matter in the source beds. Hydrocarbon source rock potential ranges from 0.19 to 0.70 mgHC/g.rock except for a certain source rock interval in the Agbaja borehole with high yield of 25.18 mgHC/g.rock. This interval also presents exceptionally high HI of 274 mgHC/g.TOC and moderate amount of amorphous organic matter. The data suggests that in spite of the favourable organic matter quantity, the thermal maturity is low as indicated by vitrinite reflectance and Tmax (0.46 to 0.48 Ro% and 413 to 475 °C, respectively). The hydrocarbon extracts show abundance of odd number alkanes C27–C33, low sterane/hopane ratio and Pr/Ph > 2. We conclude that the source rocks were terrestrially derived under oxic condition and dominated by type III kerogen. Type II organic matter with oil and gas potential is a possibility in Agbaja area of Bida Basin. Thermal maturity is low and little, or no hydrocarbon has been generated from the source rocks.

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Preliminary analysis of the hydrocarbon source rock potential of central and western North Greenland

Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse ◽

10.34194/rapggu.v126.7918 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 126 ◽

pp. 117-128

Author(s):

F.G Christiansen ◽

H Nøhr-Hansen ◽

F Rolle ◽

P Wrang

Keyword(s):

Source Rocks ◽

Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

South West ◽

Oil Generation ◽

Lithostratigraphic Units ◽

Field Season ◽

Rock Eval ◽

North Greenland

During the 1984 field season potential hydrocarbon source rocks were studied in central and western North Greenland. Samples from most lithostratigraphic units were collected from Freuchen Land in the north-east to Washington Land in the south-west. Preliminary results from LECO, Rock-Eval and palynofacies analyses suggest that some intervals in the Cambrian shelf sequence and in the Ordovician and Silurian trough sequence have enough organic matter to qualify as source rocks. Most of the trough sequence is, however, thermally postrnature with respect to oil generation and only the Cambrian Brønlund Fjord Group is expected to have been the source of the oil accumulations in the subsurface.

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