scholarly journals A REVIEW ON: HIV AIDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Kapila A ◽  
Chaudhary S ◽  
Sharma RB ◽  
Vashist H ◽  
Sisodia SS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Vaginal Fluid ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS has always been one of the most thoroughly global of diseases. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lent virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper CD4 T cells, macrophages. HIV infection leads to low levels of T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of infected T cells. The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection.

HIV Infection, AIDS and Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Hrynkevych ◽  
Heinz-J. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells of the human immune system. If the infection is not treated, these cells are destroyed, resulting in an acquired immunodeficiency, i.e., “AIDS” (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV owns a reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert its RNA into DNA, which is then integrated into the human genome – then undetectable by the immune system. Today, sexual transmission is the major route of HIV infection, while parenteral transmission (sharing needles among drug addicts; rarely blood transfusion) and perinatal transmission are also possible. Acute HIV infection is accompanied by infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms (fevers, rash, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, fatigue), followed by a chronic asymptomatic stage, with viral replication at low levels, followed years later by AIDS, characterized by a plethora of possible opportunistic infections and cancers that result from T-cell deficiency and finally in death within about 2–3 years. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) includes 6 main classes of medicines that affect different steps of viral activities. While no cure is possible, ART – and particularly “Highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) – has made HIV infections a chronic disease and therapy also results in a reduction of transmission. A large variety of vaccine candidates have been assessed – including phase 3 studies – but for many reasons, none of them have been successful to date.

Transient accumulation of human mature thymocytes and regulatory T cells with CD28 superagonist in “human immune system” Rag2-/-γc-/- mice

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Legrand ◽  
Tom Cupedo ◽  
Anja U. van Lent ◽  
Menno J. Ebeli ◽  
Kees Weijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Human Immune

Efficient and quick reconstitution of T-cell compartments in lymphopenic patients is of great importance to prevent opportunistic infections, but remains difficult to achieve. Human T-cell proliferation in a T-cell-receptor (TCR)-independent manner is possible in vitro with superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies, and such molecules are therefore promising therapeutic tools. Here, we investigated the in vivo effects of superagonist anti-CD28 treatment on human developing and mature T cells, in the recently developed model of “human immune system” BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Our results show that superagonist anti-CD28 treatment transiently induces a 7-fold increase in thymocyte numbers and up to 18-fold accumulation of mature thymocytes. The increased thymic production lead to transient accumulation of mature T cells in the periphery at the peak of treatment effect (day 6). In addition, long-term peripheral T-cell depletion was induced. Furthermore, the concomitant selective expansion and accumulation of suppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells was induced in a transient manner. Superagonist anti-CD28 therapy could therefore be of clinical interest in humans, both for beneficial effect on thymic T-cell production as well as regulatory T-cell accumulation. (Blood. 2006;108:238-245)

scholarly journals Health of Urban Women with Respect of HIV Infection: A Case Study in Dakshina Kannada

2017 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Laveena D’Mello ◽  
Govindaraju B. M.
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ◽  
Women Health ◽  
Hiv Aids

In Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the HIV virus attacks the immune system, which defends the human body against pathogens. When there is balance against the immune system, the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) become more susceptible to opportunistic infections (OIs). With the bodies immune system is not capable of defending itself against Opportunistic Infections, the PLHA ultimately submit to them. In developed countries, the cost of antiretroviral (ARVs) has been borne completely by the state; as a result, there has been a decrease in the number of deaths on account of HIV in the past 15 years. On the other hand, the number of deaths in developing countries due to HIV continues. In this paper, the researchers have made an attempt to examine the status of health of women in urban areas with respect to HIV infection. With this specific aim tried to know the reasons for the HIV/AIDs infection and its effect, consequence on women health particularly. By adopting field survey, interview and case studies methods, 50 samples have been taken and analyzed them systematically

scholarly journals Multidimensional Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients Who Undergo ARV Therapy in Maccini Clinic Makassar

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muh Yusuf Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: AIDS is a collection of symptoms caused by a variety of microorganisms and other ferocity due to the decreased resistance/immunity of the patient.GlobalAIDS epidemicshowsthatthereare34millionpeoplewithHIVworldwide.InSoutheastAsia, there are approximately 4 million people with HIV. HIV infection in humans has a long incubation period (5-10 years), and then the patient can be called as people living with HIVHIVcausesimmunedeficiencysothatthepatientsarevulnerabletoopportunistic infection attack. Antiretroviral (ARV) could be given the patients to stop a virus and restoring the immune system, reduce the occurrence of opportunistic infections, improve the quality of life and decrease disability. Objectives: This study aims to explore the Multidimensional Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS patients in Maccini Clinic Makassar. Methods:Phenomenological study conducted to explore the experiences of informants related to the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients who have antiretroviral therapy. Ten informants selected based on inclusion criteria using purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews and analysis with the aid of N Vivo software version 10. Results: The results of this study shows that after having antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS patients have increased in physical, psychological, social, functional, environmental, spiritual, and sexual dimensions. Conclusions: The dimension that gives most inreasing of the quality of life in HIV patients was physical dimension.  

scholarly journals Synthetic mycobacterial diacyl trehaloses reveal differential recognition by human T cell receptors and the C-type lectin Mincle

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine F. Reijneveld ◽  
Mira Holzheimer ◽  
David C. Young ◽  
Kattya Lopez ◽  
Sara Suliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Human T Cells ◽  
Pure Compounds

AbstractThe cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed of diverse glycolipids which potentially interact with the human immune system. To overcome difficulties in obtaining pure compounds from bacterial extracts, we recently synthesized three forms of mycobacterial diacyltrehalose (DAT) that differ in their fatty acid composition, DAT1, DAT2, and DAT3. To study the potential recognition of DATs by human T cells, we treated the lipid-binding antigen presenting molecule CD1b with synthetic DATs and looked for T cells that bound the complex. DAT1- and DAT2-treated CD1b tetramers were recognized by T cells, but DAT3-treated CD1b tetramers were not. A T cell line derived using CD1b-DAT2 tetramers showed that there is no cross-reactivity between DATs in an IFN-γ release assay, suggesting that the chemical structure of the fatty acid at the 3-position determines recognition by T cells. In contrast with the lack of recognition of DAT3 by human T cells, DAT3, but not DAT1 or DAT2, activates Mincle. Thus, we show that the mycobacterial lipid DAT can be both an antigen for T cells and an agonist for the innate Mincle receptor, and that small chemical differences determine recognition by different parts of the immune system.

721 AT1412, a patient-derived CD9 antibody in preclinical development promoting tumor immune infiltration and inducing tumor rejection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A763-A763
Author(s):  
Remko Schotte ◽  
Julien Villaudy ◽  
Martijn Kedde ◽  
Wouter Pos ◽  
Daniel Go ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
A375 Melanoma

BackgroundAdaptive immunity to cancer cells forms a crucial part of cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the importance of tumor B-cell signatures were shown to correlate with melanoma survival. We investigated whether tumor-targeting antibodies could be isolated from a patient that cured (now 13 years tumor-free) metastatic melanoma following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous T cells.MethodsPatient‘s peripheral blood B cells were isolated and tested for the presence of tumor-reactive B cells using AIMM’s immmortalisation technology. Antibody AT1412 was identified by virtue of its differential binding to melanoma cells as compared to healthy melanocytes. AT1412 binds the tetraspanin CD9, a broadly expressed protein involved in multiple cellular activities in cancer and induces ADCC and ADCP by effector cells.ResultsSpontaneous immune rejection of tumors was observed in human immune system (HIS) mouse models implanted with CD9 genetically-disrupted A375 melanoma (A375-CD9KO) tumor cells, while A375wt cells were not cleared. Most notably, no tumor rejection of A375-CD9KO tumors was observed in NSG mice, indicating that blockade of CD9 makes tumor cells susceptible to immune rejection.CD9 has been described to regulate integrin signaling, e.g. LFA-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. AT1412 was shown to modulate CD9 function by enhancing adhesion and transmigration of T cells to endothelial (HUVEC) cells. AT1412 was most potently enhancing transendothelial T-cell migration, in contrast to a high affinity version of AT1412 or other high affinity anti-CD9 reference antibodies (e.g. ALB6). Enhanced immune cell infiltration is also observed in immunodeficient mice harbouring a human immune system (HIS). AT1412 strongly enhanced CD8 T-cell and macrophage infiltration resulting in tumor rejection (A375 melanoma). PD-1 checkpoint blockade is further sustaining this effect. In a second melanoma model carrying a PD-1 resistant and highly aggressive tumor (SK-MEL5) AT1412 together with nivolumab was inducing full tumor rejection, while either one of the antibodies alone did not.ConclusionsThe safety of AT1412 has been assessed in preclinical development and is well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg (highest dose tested) by non human primates. AT1412 demonstrated a half-life of 8.5 days, supporting 2–3 weekly administration in humans. Besides transient thrombocytopenia no other pathological deviations were observed. No effect on coagulation parameters, bruising or bleeding were observed macro- or microscopically. The thrombocytopenia is reversible, and its recovery accelerated in those animals developing anti-drug antibodies. First in Human clinical study is planned to start early 2021.Ethics ApprovalStudy protocols were approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands).ConsentBlood was obtained after written informed consent by the patient.

Apoptosis and HIV infection: T-cells fiddle while the immune system burns

1999 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billi Goldberg ◽  
Raphael B. Stricker
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection

scholarly journals Developing AIDS – The Dangerous Conjugation and Transformation of HIV : An In-depth Analysis

1970 ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
K Bulbul Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly and so destructively that it supersedes all disasters ever attacks human civilization. No branch of scientists can declare them aloof or abstain from it. So the agriculturists are very closely concern with its research-issues, nutritional remedies and agro-based care. We know, HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Opportunistic infections are various in types and it needs not only the care from health professionals rather it deserves agriculturists, nutritionists and social scientists to combat together. When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper, or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses ranging from pneumonia to cancer. Understanding how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works inside the human cell gives all scientists important ways about how to attack it at its most vulnerable points and clues to start research. Knowing the secrets of how the virus functions and reproduces itself -- a process called its ‘life-cycle'- can help scientists design new drugs and nutritional supplements those are more effective at suppressing HIV and support the affected lives. This study will draw a clear and easy-to-understand picture for every scientist, obviously the agriculturists too, being alert and keeping their lives safe from this fatal conjugation of HIV and help to invent natural and/or plant remedies to prevent or suspend HIV's aggression, as long as we concern. Key words: HIV, AIDS, retro virus, HIV viral transformation. DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1473 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 157-166, June 2007

scholarly journals HIV Infection and Persistence in Pulmonary Mucosal Double Negative T Cells In Vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oussama Meziane ◽  
Syim Salahuddin ◽  
Tram N. Q. Pham ◽  
Omar Farnos ◽  
Amélie Pagliuzza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Double Negative ◽  
Hiv Reservoirs ◽  
Hiv Persistence ◽  
Cellular Markers

ABSTRACT The lungs are relatively unexplored anatomical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Double negative (DN) T cells are a subset of T cells that lack expression of CD4 and CD8 (CD4− CD8−) and may have both regulatory and effector functions during HIV infection. Notably, circulating DN T cells were previously described as cellular HIV reservoirs. Here, we undertook a thorough analysis of pulmonary versus blood DN T cells of people living with HIV (PLWH) under ART. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and matched peripheral blood were collected from 35 PLWH on ART and 16 uninfected volunteers without respiratory symptoms. Both PLWH and HIV-negative (HIV−) adults displayed higher frequencies of DN T cells in BAL versus blood, and these cells mostly exhibited an effector memory phenotype. In PLWH, pulmonary mucosal DN T cells expressed higher levels of HLA-DR and several cellular markers associated with HIV persistence (CCR6, CXCR3, and PD-1) than blood. We also observed that DN T cells were less senescent (CD28− CD57+) and expressed less immunosuppressive ectonucleotidase (CD73/CD39), granzyme B, and perforin in the BAL fluid than in the blood of PLWH. Importantly, fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)-sorted DN T cells from the BAL fluid of PLWH under suppressive ART harbored HIV DNA. Using the humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (hu-BLT) mouse model of HIV infection, we observed higher infection frequencies of lung DN T cells than those of the blood and spleen in both early and late HIV infection. Overall, our findings show that HIV is seeded in pulmonary mucosal DN T cells early following infection and persists in these potential cellular HIV reservoirs even during long-term ART. IMPORTANCE Reservoirs of HIV during ART are the primary reasons why HIV/AIDS remains an incurable disease. Indeed, HIV remains latent and unreachable by antiretrovirals in cellular and anatomical sanctuaries, preventing its eradication. The lungs have received very little attention compared to other anatomical reservoirs despite being immunological effector sites exhibiting characteristics ideal for HIV persistence. Furthermore, PLWH suffer from a high burden of pulmonary non-opportunistic infections, suggesting impaired pulmonary immunity despite ART. Meanwhile, various immune cell populations have been proposed to be cellular reservoirs in blood, including CD4− CD8− DN T cells, a subset that may originate from CD4 downregulation by HIV proteins. The present study aims to describe DN T cells in human and humanized mice lungs in relation to intrapulmonary HIV burden. The characterization of DN T cells as cellular HIV reservoirs and the lungs as an anatomical HIV reservoir will contribute to the development of targeted HIV eradication strategies.

scholarly journals Mathematical model of a personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine and the human immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009318
Author(s):  
Marisabel Rodriguez Messan ◽  
Osman N. Yogurtcu ◽  
Joseph R. McGill ◽  
Ujwani Nukala ◽  
Zuben E. Sauna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

Cancer vaccines are an important component of the cancer immunotherapy toolkit enhancing immune response to malignant cells by activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Multiple successful clinical applications of cancer vaccines have shown good safety and efficacy. Despite the notable progress, significant challenges remain in obtaining consistent immune responses across heterogeneous patient populations, as well as various cancers. We present a mechanistic mathematical model describing key interactions of a personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine with an individual patient’s immune system. Specifically, the model considers the vaccine concentration of tumor-specific antigen peptides and adjuvant, the patient’s major histocompatibility complexes I and II copy numbers, tumor size, T cells, and antigen presenting cells. We parametrized the model using patient-specific data from a clinical study in which individualized cancer vaccines were used to treat six melanoma patients. Model simulations predicted both immune responses, represented by T cell counts, to the vaccine as well as clinical outcome (determined as change of tumor size). This model, although complex, can be used to describe, simulate, and predict the behavior of the human immune system to a personalized cancer vaccine.

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