scholarly journals CHEMICAL SCIENCE IN SVERDLOVSK, 1920s–1950s: EMERGENCE OF KEY RESEARCH THEMES AND SCHOOLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
Konstantin D. Bugrov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Support Point ◽  
Chemical Science ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Chemical Machine ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
Frontier Development ◽  
The City

The paper presents an overview analysis of development of chemical research in the city of Sverdlovsk in 1920s–1950s. The author, relying on the theory of frontier modernization, proposes the concepts of frontier and support-point development of Soviet science. The frontier development was associated with peripherality, concentration of efforts in extractive (mining) industries, and a lack of resources for growth. The result of such frontier development was the emergence of a research-educational complex which, by the mid-1930s, included deeply integrated branch research organizations, institutes of the Academy of Sciences, and universities. The leading role was played by physical chemistry of metallurgical processes (and particularly electrochemistry), chemistry of wood and coal, inorganic and analytical chemistry. By the end of 1930s this chemical complex started to lose its frontier characteristics, which is evident from the effort of coal chemists led by I. Ya. Postovsky to develop the pharmaceutical chemistry. Due to the evacuation of enterprises and institutes from the western parts of USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the chemical complex of Sverdlovsk acquired a support-point character associated with the appearance of duplicate centers on the periphery. The new branches of chemical science emerged, for instance, the chemistry of polymers and the chemical machine-building. The implementation of the Soviet atomic project in Urals in late 1940s — early 1950s completed the paradigm shift in development of chemical science in Sverdlovsk, laying the foundation for the transformation of the city into a leading center of materials science.

scholarly journals QUALITY ASSESSMENT TERRITORY ADJACENT TO THE «DRILLING EQUIPMENT PLANT»

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Marina Yuryevna Garitskaya ◽  
Alina Ivanovna Baitelova ◽  
Ludmila Andreevna Pikus ◽  
Kristina Andreevna Kosacheva
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Drilling Equipment ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Soil, performing a number of important functions is the geomembrane and affects the flow of most processes in the biosphere. Wherein geochemical processes occurring in the soil play an important role in the fate of contaminants as organic matter while controlling their redistribution in the ecosystem between its various components are generally leads to the formation of stable areas of contamination. The soil not only geochemically components accumulates contaminants, but also acts as a natural buffer that controls the transfer of chemical elements and compounds in the atmosphere. Around industrial enterprises formed geochemical anomalies with high content of pollutants, which can reach a radius of 10-50 km, and the impact of large industrial centers can be traced to a distance of 100 km. All known processes of metal accompanied by the formation of large amounts of waste that pollutes air, water and land surface. Mechanical engineering is an important industry of the Orenburg region and is represented by enterprises of the military-industrial complex, agricultural machinery, machine tools, equipment for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, vehicles, electric household appliances. In the machine-building complex of the Orenburg region includes more than 70 large enterprises. The share of engineering products in the volume of industrial production is about 8%. In this case, the natural environment of the city of Orenburg slabozaschischena from most adverse geo-environmental factors. Based on this, we carried out a study on the quality of soil and environmental situation prevailing in the city of Orenburg, in the zone of influence of the enterprise Plant drilling equipment.

scholarly journals Commercial aspects of gold applications: From materials science to chemical science

Gold Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Corti ◽  
Richard J. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Science

scholarly journals Catalytic C–H Arylation of Tetrathiafulvalenes for the Synthesis of Functional Materials

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (22) ◽  
pp. 3326-3336
Author(s):  
Hideki Yorimitsu ◽  
Aya Yoshimura ◽  
Yohji Misaki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Chemical Science ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed ◽  
Sulfur Containing

AbstractSulfur-containing functional π-conjugated cores play key roles in materials science, mostly due to their unique electrochemical and photophysical properties. Among these, the excellent electron donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) has occupied a central position since the emergence of organic electronics. Peripheral C–H modification of this highly useful sulfur-containing motif has resulted in the efficient creation of new molecules that expand the applications of TTFs. This Short Review begins with the development of the palladium-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of TTF. Subsequently, it summarizes the applications of this efficient C–H transformation for the straightforward synthesis of useful TTF derivatives that are employed in a variety of research fields, demonstrating that the development of a new reaction can have a significant impact on chemical science.1 Introduction2 Development of the Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C–H Arylation of TTF3 Synthesis of TTF-Based Tetrabenzoic Acid and Tetrapyridine for MOFs4 Synthesis of TTF-Based Tetrabenzaldehyde and Tetraaniline for COFs5 Tetraarylation of TTFAQ6 Synthesis of Multistage-Redox TTF Derivatives7 Miscellaneous Examples8 Conclusions

Materials science in machine tool industry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Анатолий Адаскин ◽  
Anatoliy Adaskin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Machine Tool Industry ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Machine Parts

The textbook defines the main task of materials science in the machine tool industry-is the choice of materials and technologies that determine the accuracy of the machine. Structural materials for the manufacture of machine parts, materials of cutting, auxiliary tools and parts of devices are considered. These are the materials of parts of the system "machine-tool-tool-part" - AIDS system, which determines the rigidity of the machine and the accuracy of processing. Possible causes and mechanisms of loss of accuracy and efficiency of the machine are shown: wear and spontaneous change in the size of parts over time, fatigue failure. The principles and recommendations of the choice of materials of steel and cast iron metal – intensive parts and parts of the counter-bodies of sliding and rolling friction pairs, as well as reinforcing and stabilizing processing technologies that ensure the preservation of long-term accuracy of the machine are given. The Appendix contains recommendations on the selection of tool materials for different operating conditions of mills and tools; materials of friction pairs; routing technology for manufacturing precision machine parts. The textbook is intended for bachelors and masters studying in the specialties 15.00 "mechanical engineering", 22.00 "technology of materials" can be used in the training of graduate students of machine – building specialties and to improve the skills of design engineers and technologists of machine-building plants, primarily machine-tool enterprises.

Address of the President Professor P. M. S. Blackett, O.M., C.H., at the Anniversary Meeting, 30 November 1968

1969 ◽  
Vol 171 (1025) ◽  
pp. 387-399
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Chemical Science ◽  
Structural Determination ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Steroidal Glycosides ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Foreign Member

Professor Reichstein, a Foreign Member of the Society and a Nobel Laureate, first took his place in the forefront of chemical science more than thirty-five years ago through his outstanding contributions to the structural determination and synthesis of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and has retained it ever since by a stream of brilliant researches mainly in the steroid and carbohydrate fields. His work on the isolation and structural elucidation of the adrenocortical hormones, including cortisone and aldosterone is one of the great masterpieces of chemical research and it has also exerted a profound influence on medicine. It is to him, too, that we owe most of our now extensive knowledge of the steroidal glycosides of plants which find application in medicine as cardiac stimulants and among primitive races as arrow poisons. Reichstein’s work has throughout been marked by insight and imagination, coupled with an unsurpassed elegance in experimental technique. His scientific contributions not merely to chemistry, but indirectly also to biology and medicine, make him a worthy recipient of the Copley Medal.

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