scholarly journals Knighthood in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Late Fourteenth to the Early Sixteenth Centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Petrauskas
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Development ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The main aim of this article is to collect and assess all accessible data about the early development of chivalric culture in the GDL and to identify possible trends. This phenomenon is perceived as part of the history of the European knighthood in the late Middle Ages. The article also seeks to investigate the meaning of the conception of the knight in the GDL documents of the fifteenth century in order to determine the spread of knighthood in the nobility of the Grand Duchy. In the research of these aspects the flourishing of the knighthood culture at the court of Grand Duke Vytautas in the early-fifteenth century is distinguished as a period when high-ranking representatives of the country’s nobility were awarded titles; and a new enhancement is noticeable in the times of Alexander Jogailaitis when an initiative, a unique phenomenon in Poland-Lithuania, was undertaken to establish a brotherhood of knights. In the analysis of the use of the concept of knighthood, emphasis is placed on the difference between the singular use of the knightly title and the pluralistic estate conception.

Deveolpment of Constitutional Law on the Territory of Ukranie (IX-XIII Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1006-1014
Author(s):  
Oksana Pylypchuk
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
History Of Formation ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Submission Date

The article is devoted to the history of formation and development of Ukrainian constitutionalism. It is shown that during the times of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality monarchical states with elements of a democratic state and political regime were formed on Ukrainian lands. It is highlighted that the formation of the Ukrainian nation and its path to its own state was carried out under the conditions of aristocratic democracy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is emphasized that the Ukrainian people in the XV century became part of a large European society, which became the basis for the emergence of constitutional ideas in the Ukrainian ethnic lands, the creation of the Cossacks and the revival of their own Ukrainian state in the former Kievan Rus. It is noted that the results of the development of Ukrainian constitutionalism in the eighteenth century was presented in the Constitution of Hetman P. Orlyk in 1710, which became one of the most democratic constitutions in Europe at that time. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 25/02/2021 Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 19/04/2021

The Rabbi and the Mancebo: Arévalo and the Location of Affinities in the Fifteenth Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 197-225
Author(s):  
Eleazar Gutwirth
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The Town

Abstract The background to this paper is the difference between occasionally atemporal and multinational approaches and local, historical approaches to religious ideas and encounters. The chosen example is that of two authors from one town (Arévalo) and one historical moment (fifteenth-century Castile). The article attempts firstly to identify stylistic, rhetorical, and literary elements in the historiographic traditions about the reputation of the town. Secondly it points to the changes in the status of the town in the late Middle Ages that affected Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Thirdly, after identifying certain tendencies in the writings of the two authors from the town, one Muslim (known as the Mancebo de Arévalo) and the other Jewish, Rabbi Yosef ibn Ṣaddiq de Arévalo, it searches for affinities and common elements in their attitudes.

scholarly journals Institutions of the Judiciary in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIV-XVI centuries): structure, classification, competence

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
P. Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Right ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article deals with the classification of the judiciary in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the GDL), which included most Ukrainian lands during that period. The purpose of the work is to identify institutes of justice that were active during the Middle Ages in the GDL, to study their structure, to classify and competence each of them. Following the majority of researchers in the history of national law, the author shares the view that the three stages of the evolution of the organization of justice in the specified period. The periodicisation is based on the well-known principle of court ownership, distinguishing state and non-state courts. Characterization of each of the judicial institutions is carried out. It noted that state courts were under the direct jurisdiction of the Grand Duke and his government officials, while non-state courts were not subordinate to government officials, but their decisions were found to be legitimate. Such courts have arranged both the Grand Duke of Lithuania (the master) and the general population, since the former sought to relieve the courts, and the latter sought opportunities to resolve the dispute on the spot, without long journeys and the pecuniary expense of keeping the letter and spirit of the law. The author pays the most attention to land courts created on the basis of customary Ukrainian law. They originated in the fourteenth century. from the tradition of the Russian faithful courts. It is considered by public courts operating throughout Ukraine's ethnic territory, mostly in rural areas. Cities and towns that were not in Magdeburg law were also included in the land area. Representatives of various sections and strata of Ukrainian society participated in his work, starting with the peasantry and ending with the nobles-government. Attention is drawn to the jurisdiction of land courts in criminal proceedings. It has been proven that property crimes - theft, robbery, robbery, arson - were distinguished from criminal cases considered by land courts. Qualified death penalty was practiced, first of all hanging, burning, quartering. Initially, all the inhabitants of the land district (suburbs) came under the jurisdiction of the land courts, but subsequently the nobility was granted the right to sue the commercial court. The findings of the paper stated that despite the variety of judicial institutions, the competence of each court was sufficiently clearly defined.

scholarly journals Distributionsrevolution des 15. Jahrhunderts

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 47-78
Author(s):  
Stuart Jenks
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Geographical Concentration ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century

The Distribution Revolution of the Fifteenth CenturyThe consumption revolution of the long eighteenth Century (c. 1650-1850) was inconceivable without a prior distribution revolution in Northwest Europe, in the course of which markets were linked in a stable hierarchy reaching from the international fairs of Antwerp and Frankfurt down to humble packmen tramping from village to village. The exotic products of the consumption revolution did not have to surmount any significant distribution problems, because the networks had been functioning since the fifteenth Century. The proof of this hypothesis is divided into two parts, one empirical and the other theoretical. The foundation of some 2000 weekly markets in England between 1200 and 1350 resulted from the interaction of peasants’ cash requirements and improved transportation by horse: There was much money to be made by establishing markets, but peasants could choose between them. This set in train a brutal winnowing of markets which was intensified in the late middle ages by the effects of the plague, the enclosure movement and price-wage developments. In the end, the surviving markets had organized themselves into a hierarchy based on London, which was, by 1500, indisputably the center of foreign trade and the distribution of imports in England. This section concludes by showing that the hierarchization of markets was also characteristic of the Hanseatic area during the same period. The theoretical part of the paper demonstrates that the hierarchization of markets changed the framework for economic actors in a way no person or group could alter. Late medieval industrial mass production, succeeded by early modern proto-industrialization, required efficient labor markets and distribution networks. Placing the price signals generated by urban markets at the center of the argument solves a number of troubling problems of proto-industrialization: the geographical concentration of proto-industries, the outsourcing of simple tasks (and the retention of more sophisticated processes) and thesubsequent urbanization of rural industrial clusters. It also allows us to go beyond Diamond and Krugman and construct a real-world model of the rise of market hierarchization, as traders exploited scale economies derived from the difference between urban Wholesale and rural retail prices, and - by concentrating their trade on the most liquid provincial markets (thus maximizing thick market externalties) - locked these satellite markets into the hierarchy. An examination o f the policies o f the London Grocers and Mercers proves that this did, indeed, take place in the course of the fifteenth Century. Therefore, the distribution revolution was a true revolution, one which changed forever the framework for economic actors in a way 110 person or group could alter (,economic Constitution‘).

scholarly journals The History of Vilnius Old Jewish Cemetery at Šnipiškės in the Period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Elmantas Meilus
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The recent international outcry concerning an old Jewish cemetery once again being destroyed in a former suburb of Vilnius, namely Šnipiškės (nowadays in the very centre of the city), forces us to revise the history of its origin and development in the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Summarizing the history of the cemetery, one plausible conclusion is that the cemetery was established on state-owned land in the jurisdiction of the Castle possibly in the late fifteenth century and the first reliable historical data goes back to the late sixteenth century in relation to tax exemptions. A comparison of historical, cartographic and archaeological data permits to make a valid assumption that the oldest burials from the second half of the sixteenth century were located in the south-western and central section of the cemetery based on the layout of 1808 (in the area between the Sports Hall and swimming pool built in the Soviet period). The cemetery developed gradually by acquiring separate state land plots belonging to the Castle Authority (Horodnictwo) and Forestry Authority (Derewnictwo) which were rented by different persons and by taking over payment of the taxes and fees they used to pay. The general situation of the cemetery at that period was marked in the plan from the Fürstenhof collection, drafted in approximately 1730. The Jewish cemetery was combined into one mas out of separate plots around 1790 in listing the urban possessions (land plots). Such situation was reflected in the layout of 1808 (possession no. 1116).

Polish Cartography in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Jan Wereszczyński
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Grand Duchy

Dr. Jan Wereszczynski, a member of this Institute, describes the little known Polish contribution to the mapping of eastern Europe at a time when interest in maps of the known world had been stimulated by the rediscovery and publication of Ptolemy's great work on Geography, written in the second century AD and forgotten during the Middle Ages.The history of the cartographical development of the Baltic and Black Sea coasts reveals a significant contribution from Polish cartographers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The ‘father of Polish cartography’, and one of the most famous scientists of his day, was Bernard Wapowski (1450–1535) who published two maps of Sarmatia. One covers the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, a large part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Crimean Khanate and part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The other covers the country north of a line from Toruri to Novgorod. It should be emphasized that Wapowski's geographical coordinates are of outstanding accuracy, most of them, especially the latitudes, being based on his own astronomical observations.

scholarly journals Prices and Value of the Hunted Animals and Hunting Products in the Late Fifteenth and the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century in the Environment of the Ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Lituanistica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toma Zarankaitė-Margienė
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Bone Material ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The essence of hunting as a historical phenomenon cannot be defined in the economic aspect alone. In the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern Period, it was a multi-faceted symbiotic relationship combining both the daily life of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, the economic life of the state, and even foreign policy. It also partially shaped the image of the sovereign and legitimated his power. Hunted animals provided meat, bone material, furs, skins, and other products necessary for the needs of the ruler’s court. This article represents the latest research on the prices and value of the hunted animals and the products made from them in late fifteenth century and the second half of the sixteenth century in the environment of the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The second part of the analysis reveals the variety and prices of different products made from the hunted animals and their use.

scholarly journals Belweder Krzysztofa Zygmunta Paca i jego żony Klary Izabelli

Artifex Novus ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 10-27
Author(s):  
Anna Sylwia Czyż
Keyword(s):  
Ground Floor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

Artykuł dotyczy mało znanego, pierwszego etapu funkcjonowania pałacu Belweder w Warszawie (Ujazdów), który został wybudowany z drewna (1659–1663) przez Krzysztofa Zygmunta Pac, kanclerza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako ekskluzywna podmiejska willa. Jej powstanie nawiązywało do tradycji otium, willi włoskich, ale też do znanego z czasów dynastii Wazów kreowana siedzib otoczonych ogrodami, które również spełniały funkcje reprezentacyjną. Fundując Belweder Pac stworzył ekskluzywną, choć drewnianą, siedzibę położoną na malowniczej skarpie Wisły, przy reprezentacyjnej trasie prowadzącej do Warszawy. Podarował ją swojej żonie, Klarze Isabelli de Mailly Lascaris, krewnej królowej Ludwiki Marii, spowinowaconej z najwybitniejszymi rodami francuskimi, a także z cesarzami bizantyjskimi. W ten sposób Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac nawiązał do tradycji miejsca, bowiem dobra Ujazdów były związane z Anną, księżniczką mazowiecką oraz Anną Jagiellonką. Dzięki wykorzystanym w artykule źródłom ikonograficznym i archiwalnym udało się zrekonstruować wygląd budynku i otaczających go ogrodów, a także przywołać wyposażenie pałacu z czasów Krzysztofa Zygmunta Paca. Parterowy pałac zbudowano na planie kwadratu, na wysokim cokole, z reprezentacyjną galerią otwierającą się na widok od strony Wisły. Projektantem budowli był najpewniej Tylman van Gameren.   The Belvedere Palace of Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac and Klara Isabelle de Mailly The article deals with the little-known, first stage of the history of the Belvedere residence in Warsaw when it was constructed and arranged (1659–1663) by Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Referring to a tradition, established in the times of the Vasa dynasty, of seats surrounded by gardens and of an antique otium and Italian villa, Pac created an exclusive seat, albeit made of wood, situated on a picturesque escarpment of the River Vistula, on the ceremonial route leading to Warsaw. He gave it to his wife, Klara Isabella de Mailly Lascari, a relative of Queen Marie Louise and a descendant of the most eminent French families, who at the same time was related to the Byzantine emperors. In this way Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac drew upon the tradition of the place, as Ujazdów had been connected with Anna, Princess of Mazovia as well as Anna Jagiellon. Thanks to iconographic and archival sources as yet not analysed, it was possible to reconstruct the outline of the building and at least partially map its furnishings. The villa was constructed on a square plan, erected on a high plinth as a ground-floor building with four sections, with a representative gallery opened wide onto the Vistula side. It appears from this that the palace was designed by Tylman van Gameren.  

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