scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY, ITS SUBJECT, HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND METHODS

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-154
Author(s):  
Alexander Mkrtchian
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Terrain Classification ◽  
Short History ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quantitative Spatial Analysis

Paper considers ecological geomorphometry as the scientific area aimed at the study of place and functions of terrain and modern morphogenetic processes in the functioning of other components of natural environment, ecosystems, and in shaping of the conditions for human activities, applying the methods of quantitative spatial analysis. Some terminological issues are considered, as well as a short history of geomorphometry, its main tasks and research methods. In particular, the methods of quantitative analysis of the structure of terrain surface are considered, namely –the detection of the spatial trends, of periodicity, and of the spatial autocorrelation. The capabilities of the method of autocovariogram building and analysis are shown for the purpose of the studies of terrain elements, forms and types, their automatic delineation and classification. The basics of ecologically grounded classification of morphometric variables are considered, as well as the principles of the delineation of complex morphometric variables (topographic ecological indices), which reflect the impact of terrain morphology on ecological processes and ecological factors distributions. The main principles of ecological classification of terrain elements are also considered, together with the automatic delineation of terrain forms and types on the basis of their geometric signatures, that are defined through the distribution of the set of morphometric variables and the parameters of their spatial variability. Paper also reviews former studies by the author in the areas of morphometric analysis of the terrain surfaces of several study areas in Ukrainian Carpathians; the automatic terrain classification and segmentation; the analysis of the relationships between morphometric variables and ecological factors, the character of ground cover and the vegetation. Key words: ecological geomorphometry; topographic surface; morphometric variables; morphotop, autocovariogram; geometric signature.

scholarly journals The History of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Tallini ◽  
R. Michael Tuttle ◽  
Ronald A. Ghossein
Keyword(s):  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Follicular Variant ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context: This review provides historical context to recent developments in the classification of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). The evolution of the diagnostic criteria for papillary thyroid carcinoma is described, clarifying the role of molecular analysis and the impact on patient management. Methods: A PubMed search using the terms “follicular variant” and “papillary thyroid carcinoma” covering the years 1960 to 2016 was performed. Additional references were identified through review of the citations of the retrieved articles. Results: The encapsulated/well-demarcated, noninvasive form of FVPTC that occurs annually in 45,000 patients worldwide was thought for 30 years to be a carcinoma. Many studies have shown almost no recurrence in these noninvasive tumors, even in patients treated by surgery alone without radioactive iodine therapy. The categorization of the tumor as outright cancer has led to aggressive forms of treatment, with their side effects, financial costs, and the psychological and social impacts of a cancer diagnosis. Recently, the encapsulated/well-demarcated, noninvasive FVPTC was renamed as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. The new terminology lacks the carcinoma label, enabling clinicians to avoid aggressive therapy. Conclusions: By understanding the history of FVPTC, future classification of tumors will be greatly improved.

scholarly journals Development trends in artillery ammunition propellants

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Mateusz Szala
Keyword(s):  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Short History ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Double Base

A short history of nitrocellulose (NC) use in propellants is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of NC as a semi-synthetic component of powders and rocket propellants are presented. Based on the conventional classification of propellants, the options of eliminating nitrocellulose in different types of powders and rocket propellants are discussed in detail. The analysis shows that in the foreseeable future, the elimination of NC in single-base and double-base propellants is highly unlikely. The observed trends in triple-base propellant development also does not show any tendencies in the elimination of NC, only the replacement of nitroguanidine with cyclic nitroamines. However, the elimination of NC in LOVA composite propellants is probable. Synthetic, rubber-based solid composite rocket propellants, with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer, are the only ones not dependent on NC.

Indigenous ancestral lands and Elders epistemologies in a time of pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-408
Author(s):  
Erica Neeganagwedgin
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a worldwide shift in daily life. However, Indigenous people have a long history relating to introduced pandemics. Responding to these different forms of destruction, Indigenous people have generated multiple ways to draw on their own ancestral systems. This report provides a short history of those pandemics, the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic, and the ways in which Indigenous people have responded by drawing on their ancestral Land and practices, and through the guidance and knowledge of Elders.

De Burger-Leeskring: a Brief History of South Africa’s First Commercial Book Club and its Effect on Afrikaans Literature

Quaerendo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Klingenberg
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Book Club ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper investigates the history of the De Burger-Leeskring and the impact it had on Afrikaans literature and cultural development. It places the development of Nasionale Pers and the Afrikaans language within the context of South Africa’s history and the development of language, politics and culture, as well as considering book clubs or readers’ circles and their purpose within this context. This paper uses Bourdieu’s classification of different kinds of capital—specifically cultural capital and financial capital—to evaluate the success of this Leeskring [Reader’s Circle]. It was found that although not financially successful, the Leeskring’s influence on Afrikaans literature was vast.

A Short History of a Long Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-52
Author(s):  
Beth Van Schaack
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Short History ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Events ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

This introductory chapter offers a short history of the eight-year conflict in Syria, covering the arrival of the Arab Spring, the transformation of a long-overdue revolution into a full-scale armed conflict, and the evolution of the situation on the ground to date. This chapter prefaces the contemporary violence with a few historical events, surfacing atrocities committed in the 1980s that have never been the subject of any genuine accountability process as well as the entrenchment of authoritarianism under the House of Assad. It describes how the arrival of the Arab Spring reawakened long-dormant revolutionary impulses, which amplified the government’s repression. This, in turn, provoked an armed resistance and a full-scale conflict, which opened space for the arrival of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The chapter recounts this history with reference to several key events and factors: the response of the international community, the opposition’s perpetual rearrangements, the appearance of ISIL, the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity (including the infringement of the taboo against chemical weapons), the humanitarian catastrophe that ensued, forms of foreign intervention (aid, arms, and air strikes), and failed peace processes. In addition to recounting the involvement of major Western powers in the Syrian battlespace, it also touches upon the impact of spillover conflicts in the subregion. Others will write the definitive history of this tragedy; the goal here is to touch upon key milestones as this conflict unfolded and to set the scene for the efforts to promote justice and accountability for the atrocities underway.

Mande

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
Henning Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Genealogical Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

The chapter surveys the history of classification of Mande languages from the first attempts in 1849 to the most recent ones on the basis of quantitative approaches to language classification, linguistic reconstruction, and theories on language stability. It discusses various proposals for the internal genealogical relationship of Mande languages and examines their advances and differences in the light of methodological aspects and availability of reliable linguistic data. Special emphasis is laid on the historical tan/fu dichotomy and its revision. Typological issues are treated in the discussion of Mande-specific typological obstacles for lexicostatistic classification. The problem of internal convergence for the linguistic classification of Mande is exemplified in particular in accounting the impact of Greater Manding. The effect of changes in classification methodology by the introduction of phylogenetic methods and theoretical assumptions about language stability are addressed in the final discussion of a revised classification of Mande.

scholarly journals Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Mahdi Sheikh ◽  
Farin Kamangar ◽  
Reza Malekzadeh
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Short History ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opium Use ◽  
Group 1

In September 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that opium consumption causes cancer in humans – a conclusion drawn after reviewing data from five decades of research. Given the widespread use of opium and its derivatives by millions of people across the world, the classification of opium consumption as a "Group 1" carcinogen has important public health ramifications. In this mini-review, we offer a short history of opium use in humans and briefly review the body of research that led to the classification of opium consumption as carcinogenic. We also discuss possible mechanisms of opium’s carcinogenicity and potential avenues for future research.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Paulus ◽  
Bernard A. Nijstad
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short History ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Group Creativity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Group creativity research has a relatively short history. Although there is a long tradition of research on individual creativity, for many years there was little acknowledgment of the creative potential of groups. In recent years this has changed, and this book provides a comprehensive overview of this work on group creativity. This chapter provides a brief history of the research on group creativity. It also summarizes the key contributions of each chapter, dealing with the impact of individual characteristics or behavior, basic processes or theoretical approaches, various contexts in which group creative occurs, and various applications of group creativity. Finally, we highlight common themes, and suggest directions for future research.

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