Mande

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
Henning Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Genealogical Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

The chapter surveys the history of classification of Mande languages from the first attempts in 1849 to the most recent ones on the basis of quantitative approaches to language classification, linguistic reconstruction, and theories on language stability. It discusses various proposals for the internal genealogical relationship of Mande languages and examines their advances and differences in the light of methodological aspects and availability of reliable linguistic data. Special emphasis is laid on the historical tan/fu dichotomy and its revision. Typological issues are treated in the discussion of Mande-specific typological obstacles for lexicostatistic classification. The problem of internal convergence for the linguistic classification of Mande is exemplified in particular in accounting the impact of Greater Manding. The effect of changes in classification methodology by the introduction of phylogenetic methods and theoretical assumptions about language stability are addressed in the final discussion of a revised classification of Mande.

The Economic History of South Africa 1948–94

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-65
Author(s):  
Bill Freund ◽  
Vishnu Padayachee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Economic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This chapter addresses the unfolding economic history of South Africa in the apartheid era (1948–94). The chapter is organized according to a periodization with 1971–73 as a marker of the break, and along specific thematic lines. These include a discussion of the way in which this history has been studied and through what theoretical lenses, before engaging with the main issues, including the impact of Afrikaner nationalism on economic growth, the way in which the minerals energy sector, which dominated early perspectives of South African economic history and perspectives, is impacted in this era of National Party rule. An analysis of the role of one major corporation (Anglo American Corporation) in shaping this economic history is followed by an assessment of the impact of the global and local crisis after c.1970 on the South African economy. An abiding theme is that of race and economic development and the way in which the impact of this key relationship of apartheid South Africa on economic growth has been studied.

The Reconstruction of Pre-Ashkenazic Jewish Settlements in the Slavic Lands in the Light of Linguistic Sources

2004 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Paul Wexler
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
The West ◽  
Settlement History ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Jewish Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the reconstruction of the history of pre-Ashkenazic Jewish settlement patterns in the Slavic lands. It first surveys briefly the insights of historians on early Jewish settlement history in the Slavic lands, and then explores some linguistic data which raise some tantalizing questions for the historian. The examples provided constitute a small fraction of the extant materials that could attest to non-Ashkenazic Jewish settlement on the Slavic territories eventually occupied by the Ashkenazic Jews. If these examples do not prove beyond doubt the existence of Turkic or Iranian Jewries in the German- and West Slavic-speaking lands, they certainly do suggest a certain amount of cultural and linguistic impact — probably through an intermediary Judeo-Slavic community in the West and possibly East Slavic lands. The impact of Slavic Jewries on Ashkenazic Jewry has so far been speculative.

Turkic Typologies: Ideology and Indigenous Linguistic Knowledge in the Work of Bekir Çobanzade

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
Michael Erdman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
World War ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crimean Tatar

AbstractThe current work is an exploration of the life and linguistic scholarship of the Crimean Tatar linguist Bekir Çobanzade. In it, I pay particular attention to the impact of the author's socio-political environment, especially the rise of Stalinism, on his works relating to the history and classification of the Turkic languages. I demonstrate how these circumstances compelled Çobanzade to perform an intellectual migration, from an indigenous Turkic ontology focused on the structural wholeness of the Turkic languages to a rigid application of Marxist-Leninist concepts of socially-determined linguistic classification. I do this with the help of monographs and journal articles published in Crimean Tatar, Ottoman Turkish, Azerbaijani and Russian, problematizing the multitude of his audiences and loyalties. As such, Çobanzade's story becomes a microcosm of the experience of a broader generation of Turkic writers and scholars. It was a generation that sought to take the greatest benefit from the monumental changes following World War I, and ended up being consumed by the totalitarian state that emerged in its wake. Çobanzade is one victim of many whose scholarly oeuvre can open a window to a heady and bygone period of experimentation and change.

scholarly journals The History of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Tallini ◽  
R. Michael Tuttle ◽  
Ronald A. Ghossein
Keyword(s):  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Follicular Variant ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context: This review provides historical context to recent developments in the classification of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). The evolution of the diagnostic criteria for papillary thyroid carcinoma is described, clarifying the role of molecular analysis and the impact on patient management. Methods: A PubMed search using the terms “follicular variant” and “papillary thyroid carcinoma” covering the years 1960 to 2016 was performed. Additional references were identified through review of the citations of the retrieved articles. Results: The encapsulated/well-demarcated, noninvasive form of FVPTC that occurs annually in 45,000 patients worldwide was thought for 30 years to be a carcinoma. Many studies have shown almost no recurrence in these noninvasive tumors, even in patients treated by surgery alone without radioactive iodine therapy. The categorization of the tumor as outright cancer has led to aggressive forms of treatment, with their side effects, financial costs, and the psychological and social impacts of a cancer diagnosis. Recently, the encapsulated/well-demarcated, noninvasive FVPTC was renamed as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. The new terminology lacks the carcinoma label, enabling clinicians to avoid aggressive therapy. Conclusions: By understanding the history of FVPTC, future classification of tumors will be greatly improved.

Childhood maltreatment modifies the relationship of depression with hippocampal volume

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (16) ◽  
pp. 3517-3526 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gerritsen ◽  
L. van Velzen ◽  
L. Schmaal ◽  
Y. van der Graaf ◽  
N. van der Wee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background.Childhood maltreatment (CM) may modify the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and hippocampal volume reduction. To disentangle the impact of MDD and CM on hippocampal volume we investigated the association between MDD and hippocampal volume in persons with and without a history of CM in two independent cohorts.Method.We used data of 262 participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) (mean age 37 years, 32% male) and 636 participants from the SMART-Medea study (mean age 61 years, 81% male). In both studies a 12-month diagnosis of MDD and CM were assessed using a diagnostic interview. Hippocampal volume was measured in NESDA using FreeSurfer software on 3-T magnetic resonance (MR) images and in SMART it was manually outlined on 1.5-T MR images. With analysis of covariance adjusted for intracranial volume, age, gender and lifestyle factors we estimated the effects of MDD and CM on hippocampal volume.Results.In both cohorts CM was not significantly associated with hippocampal volume. After pooling the data MDD was associated with smaller hippocampal volume (B = −138.90 mm3, p = 0.05) and the interaction between MDD and CM reached significance (p = 0.04); in participants with CM, MDD was related to smaller hippocampal volume (NESDA: B = −316.8 mm3, p = 0.02; SMART: B = −407.6, p = 0.046), but not in participants without CM (p > 0.05).Conclusions.Our study shows that in two independent cohorts, particularly in individuals with CM, a diagnosis of MDD is related to smaller hippocampal volume. Prospective studies are needed to further determine through which mechanism CM may amplify the relationship between MDD and hippocampal volume.

scholarly journals SYNONYMIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE VERBAL MANIFESTATIONS OF EMOTIONS IN THE OSSETIAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Л.Б. ГАЦАЛОВА ◽  
Л.К. ПАРСИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Speech Situation

Целью статьи является рассмотрение вербальных средств выражения страха / испуга, описание особенностей употребления междометных единиц в зависимости от речевой ситуации. В статье мы обратились к истории возникновения междометия Æллæх!, этимологически восходящего к вокативу Аллах, к исследованию контекстов его современного употребления, что позволяет предложить комплексное описание данной единицы. Методом контекстного анализа были исследованы и расклассифицированы осетиноязычные тексты (более 100 примеров употребления). Семантическое описание междометия строилось с привлечением материала толковых и аспектных словарей осетинского языка. В результате проведенного исследования проиллюстрирован процесс образования междометия Æллæх! из этимологически родственного вокатива Аллах; предложена классификация контекстов употребления междометия; выявлены вербальные и невербальные характеристики эмоционального поведения человека в состоянии испуга. Особое внимание обращено на исследование синонимических отношений представленного междометия. Изложенные в статье результаты исследования помогут создать модель описания междометных выражений разных типов, характеризующих эмоциональное состояние говорящего. Работа может быть полезна в практике преподавания осетинского языка, а также в теории и практике перевода. The purpose of the article is to consider the verbal means of expressing fear / fright, to describe the features of the use of interjective units depending on the speech situation. In the article, we account for the history of the interjection Ællæh!, etymologically dating back to the vocative Allah, to the study of the contexts of its modern use, which allows us to offer a comprehensive description of this unit. By the method of contextual analysis, the Ossetian-language texts were studied and classified (more than 100 examples of usage). The semantic description of the interjection was built using the material of explanatory and aspect dictionaries of the Ossetian language. As a result of the conducted research, the process of formation of the interjection Ællæh was illustrated from the etymologically related vocative Allah; a classification of interjection use contexts is proposed; verbal and non-verbal characteristics of a person's emotional behavior in a state of fright are revealed. Special attention is paid to the study of synonymous relations of the presented interjection. The research results presented in the article will help to create a model for describing interjective expressions of different types that characterize the emotional state of the speaker. The work can be useful in the practice of teaching the Ossetian language, as well as in the theory and practice of translation.

Tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance.

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
D L Dexter ◽  
J T Leith
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Underlying Basis ◽  
Human Solid Tumors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Drug resistance has long been identified as a major reason for therapy failure in cancer patients. Concurrently, work from many laboratories in the past 10 years has established tumor heterogeneity as a phenomenon of critical importance in the natural history of individual neoplasms. The two most sinister aspects of intraneoplastic diversity in human solid tumors are the genesis of clones with metastatic potential, and the existence of drug-resistant variants in primary cancers and their metastases. Thus, recent investigations on drug resistance and on tumor heterogeneity have converged to focus attention on the clonal organization of primary tumors and their metastases as the underlying basis for anticancer drug resistance. This review examines the degree of heterogeneity observed within tumors and the relationship of this diversity to resistance that might be anticipated for any given agent. A question critical to our discussion is "How many subpopulations are there?" The impact of multiple tumor clones on therapy is next discussed in relationship to normal tissue tolerance, the barrier clinicians face regardless of the specific agent used in treatment. Finally, laboratory and clinical approaches are presented for addressing a drug resistance problem that is seemingly overwhelming because of its complex biological roots.

De Burger-Leeskring: a Brief History of South Africa’s First Commercial Book Club and its Effect on Afrikaans Literature

Quaerendo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Klingenberg
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Book Club ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper investigates the history of the De Burger-Leeskring and the impact it had on Afrikaans literature and cultural development. It places the development of Nasionale Pers and the Afrikaans language within the context of South Africa’s history and the development of language, politics and culture, as well as considering book clubs or readers’ circles and their purpose within this context. This paper uses Bourdieu’s classification of different kinds of capital—specifically cultural capital and financial capital—to evaluate the success of this Leeskring [Reader’s Circle]. It was found that although not financially successful, the Leeskring’s influence on Afrikaans literature was vast.

Problems in the Relationship of Communication and Economic History

1960 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Easterbrook
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Break ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Present interest in communication research in the social and physical sciences raises some interesting and difficult questions for the economic historian. Arthur Cole, who claims that he is merely trying to carry further the work of Harold Innis and others at Toronto, but who is surely the moving spirit in this session, has suggested that we might begin by pin-pointing a few leading questions for examination. Is this comparatively recent development to be regarded as merely a passing phase in the history of fashions in thought? Is the process of relating communication to economic change mainly a process of sophistication and is there anything to argue about in this relationship? Or, on the other hand, does it in fact amount to a major break-through in scientific and historical analysis, something comparable to the impact made on economics about a century ago by the Austrian School?

scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY, ITS SUBJECT, HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND METHODS

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-154
Author(s):  
Alexander Mkrtchian
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Ecological Classification ◽  
Terrain Classification ◽  
Short History ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quantitative Spatial Analysis

Paper considers ecological geomorphometry as the scientific area aimed at the study of place and functions of terrain and modern morphogenetic processes in the functioning of other components of natural environment, ecosystems, and in shaping of the conditions for human activities, applying the methods of quantitative spatial analysis. Some terminological issues are considered, as well as a short history of geomorphometry, its main tasks and research methods. In particular, the methods of quantitative analysis of the structure of terrain surface are considered, namely –the detection of the spatial trends, of periodicity, and of the spatial autocorrelation. The capabilities of the method of autocovariogram building and analysis are shown for the purpose of the studies of terrain elements, forms and types, their automatic delineation and classification. The basics of ecologically grounded classification of morphometric variables are considered, as well as the principles of the delineation of complex morphometric variables (topographic ecological indices), which reflect the impact of terrain morphology on ecological processes and ecological factors distributions. The main principles of ecological classification of terrain elements are also considered, together with the automatic delineation of terrain forms and types on the basis of their geometric signatures, that are defined through the distribution of the set of morphometric variables and the parameters of their spatial variability. Paper also reviews former studies by the author in the areas of morphometric analysis of the terrain surfaces of several study areas in Ukrainian Carpathians; the automatic terrain classification and segmentation; the analysis of the relationships between morphometric variables and ecological factors, the character of ground cover and the vegetation. Key words: ecological geomorphometry; topographic surface; morphometric variables; morphotop, autocovariogram; geometric signature.

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