scholarly journals SOME FEATURES OF THE FORMS OF PAST TIME IN THE LESGIN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
A. E. Azizkhanova ◽  
V. M. Ragimova
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Moment

In the Lezgi language, the forms of the past tense differ from other forms of tense in their multiplicity and diversity. They can express a wide variety of shades of temporary relationships. According to the correlation of the time of the action with the moment of speech or with the time of the performance of another action, the past tense forms can indicate such temporal shades as completeness or incompleteness, duration or non-duration, reality or unreality of the action.

scholarly journals On the likelihood of past tense situations still being the case at the time of speaking

1996 ◽  
Vol 113-114 ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Depraetere
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Several linguists have pointed out that the past tense has the implicature that the situation it refers to is no longer the case at the moment of speaking (cf. John lived in London in 1985, but he no longer does). In this article, it is argued that in certain types of sentences the implicature associated with the past tense is more likely to be cancelled than in others. It is shown how (un)-boundedness, (a)telicity and the status of adverbials in terms of given or new influence the likelihood of a past tense situation still/no longer being the case at the moment of speaking.

1 Samuel 2:6: Time and Wayyiqtol in Hannah’s Song

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ethan C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Samuel 2 ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
1 Samuel

Abstract This article challenges the ideas that we should either re-read the form or appeal to a present tense rendering of וַיָּעַל in 1 Sam 2:6. Instead, I argue that the prospect of gnomic semantics due to the surrounding participles is leveraged to highlight a past time wayyiqtol “he raised up.” This past time makes sense of the context both within the poem itself (1 Sam 2) and the preceding narrative (1 Sam 1). What is more, a past tense meaning of וַיָּעַל is corroborated by recent robust linguistic research of the form. Reading the wayyiqtol as past makes reference to a specific, historical action done to Hannah. This reference to the past tightens the cohesion of and provides further coherence for Hannah’s narrative (1 Sam 1) and her song (1 Sam 2).

scholarly journals Il ‘passato discontinuo’ come categoria semantico-funzionale nella lingua russa contemporanea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Leone
Keyword(s):  
Functional Category ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Imperfective Aspect ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Corpus

The paper discusses verbal markers of the past tense with a meaning roughly characterizable as ‘past and not present’ or ‘past with no present relevance’ in contemporary Russian. This type of past time reference (defined as ‘discontinuous’) is opposed to standard past markers, which normally do not provide any information about the present domain. Aim of the study was to find and analyse one of the possible realizations of this semantic-functional category in contemporary Russian through particular uses of the imperfective aspect. The analysis has been done on the russian national corpus.

How to Control the Present: A Unified Account of the Nonpast Uses of the Aorist Indicative

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 92-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan Nijk
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Present Tense

Abstract:This article addresses the asymmetry between the two main aspectual paradigms in the Classical Greek verbal system: the imperfective and the aorist (perfective). Whereas the imperfective has separate indicative forms for present and past time reference, i.e. the ‘primary’ and the ‘secondary’ indicative, the aorist only has a secondary (‘past’) indicative. I argue that this asymmetry is not only morphological but also semantic. That is, while the secondary imperfective indicative (the ‘imperfect’) is confined to past time reference, the secondary aorist indicative is used not only to refer to the past but also to the present. It then enters into aspectual competition with the primary imperfective indicative (the ‘present’). Based on R.W. Langacker's (2011) Cognitive Grammar account of aspect, I distinguish five types of context in which a present tense form with perfective aspect is a desideratum, and argue that here the secondary aorist indicative is used to fulfil this function. Moreover, I present a diachronic account of the origin of this remarkable asymmetry, arguing that the aorist indicative was never a past tense to begin with.

scholarly journals Verbal forms on -i(r) in the Khakass language

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
I. L. Kyzlasova ◽  
K. V. Kicheeva
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
The Real ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Time Plan

In article values of a verbal form – are defined -i(r) and other its derivatives, many of which are described in the Khakass language for the first time. Authors consider that the form -i(r) is connected with obligatory existence of a pertseptor concerning which there is an observed action: in close proximity or in a distance, eyes speaking or the char-acter, in the real or past tense. Verb form – and (p) and a participle form -iɣan / -igen coincide with the plan of the pre-sent, and observed action takes place just before the observer's eyes. The form -idyr / -idir also refers to the present, but the observed action takes place in some distance from the perceptor (observer). The form of the verb -yenan transfers the action to the past-time plan. The verbal adverb form -iryp / -irip, -idyryp / -idirip designates minor action of a komitativny situation. The form of conditional inclination -yz / -ise denotes that the observer is the subject of action.

Speaking of the past

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees Versteegh
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Basic Need

In rudimentary communication with foreigners, the most basic need is to express wishes and to give orders. Accordingly, verbal forms in foreigner-directed speech and pidgins often derive etymologically from imperatives or infinitives in the lexifier language. In more developed communication the need arises to refer to past events. In this paper, the development of past time reference from foreigner-directed speech to pidgin is investigated on the basis of data from Arabic-based pidgins, notably from Pidgin Madam, Gulf Pidgin Arabic, and Juba Arabic. These data are compared with the development of past tense reference in foreigner talk registers and pidgins based on other languages.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

Preverbation and narrativity in Lithuanian. The distribution of finite simplex and compound verbs in narrative main clauses

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 167-192
Author(s):  
Lea Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Finite Verb

The article deals with the use of simplex and compound (prefixed) verbs in narrative text. Main clauses comprising finite verb forms in the past and in the past habitual tense are examined in an attempt to establish to what extent simplex and compound verbs exhibit aspect oppositions, and whether a correlation exists between the occurrence of simplex vs. compound verbs and distinct textual units. The investigation shows that although simple and compound verbs in Lithuanian are not in direct aspect opposition to each other, in the background text portions most of the verbs are prefixless past tense forms or habitual forms, whereas in the plot-advancing text portions, the vast majority of verbs are compound verbs in the simple past tense.  

Five Years and Count(er)ing: Memoir after Memoir

CounterText ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Norbert Bugeja
Keyword(s):  
Guest Editor ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Perspectives ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ongoing Project

In this retrospective piece, the Guest Editor of the first number of CounterText (a special issue titled Postcolonial Springs) looks back at the past five years from various scholarly and personal perspectives. He places particular focus on an event that took place mid-way between the 2011 uprisings across a number of Arab countries and the moment of writing: the March 2015 terror attack on the Bardo National Museum in Tunis, which killed twenty-two people and had a profound effect on Tunisian popular consciousness and that of the post-2011 Arab nations. In this context, the author argues for a renewed perspective on memoir as at once a memorial practice and a political gesture in writing, one that exceeds concerns of genre and form to encompass an ongoing project of political re-cognition following events that continue to remap the agenda for the region. The piece makes a brief final pitch for Europe's need to re-cognise, within those modes of ‘articulacy-in-difficulty’ active on its southern borders, specific answers to its own present quandaries.

INSTITUTE OF TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Komiljonov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Jury System ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment

The article examines the Genesis of the institution of jury trial in the Russian Empire from the moment of its introduction to the end of the Provisional government. It is noted that the emergence of a trial with the participation of jurors was influenced by Western models of the judicial process, and the forms of participation of citizens in the administration of justice that previously existed on the territory of the Russian state were taken into account. The role that the jury system has played with some success in the search for truth, justice, and the implementation of effective and independent justice in the past centuries is particularly highlighted.

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