The stratigraphic setting of cretaceous volcanic rocks in Crimea and in the North Caucasus

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Kopaevich ◽  
A. O. Khotylev
Author(s):  
N. V. Koronovsky ◽  
M. S. Myshenkova

On the basis of new materials this article deals with the structure and origin of a huge (up to 2 km) thick massif of acidic volcanic rocks located in a volcanic-tectonic depression in the Upper Chegem River in the North Caucasus. Discussion on the lava’s, rather than pyroclastic, origin of the main part of the rock mass as a result of repeated outpourings of lava flows, which formed the series of acidic volcanic rocks without interruptions with perfectly pronounced columnar jointing in a limited volume of a deep volcanic-tectonic depression, which was forming simultaneously with eruptions in the Late Pliocene. Volcanic rocks formed as a result of boiling silicate meltas the exit from the vent, which could be due to the nature of the phase transition of the supercritical water fluid.


Author(s):  
В.М. Газеев ◽  
А.Г. Гурбанов ◽  
И.А. Кондрашов

В Центральной части Северного Кавказа, в пределах КестантыХазнидонской неоаллохтонной зоны, выделенной в южной части Скифской платформы, встречаются лавовые потоки, силлы, мелкие штоки и дайки вулканитов хуламского комплекса с которыми ассоциирует золотосеребряное оруденение. В статье рассмотрена мезозойская геологическая история региона, существующие представления о геодинамической позиции и возрасте вулканитов. Проведено изучение наиболее распространенных пород, представленных щелочными и умереннощелочными базальтовыми порфиритами, диабазами, анальцимовыми долеритами, трахитами, трахириолитами. Кратко произведено петрографическое описание пород и приведены результаты их RFA, ICPMS анализа, рассмотрены петрохимические и геохимические характеристики. Показано, что изученные породы являются высоко и умеренноглиноземистыми, высоко и умереннотитанистыми, умеренно и низкомагнезиальными образованиями, среди которых отмечаются высококалиевые и высоконатриевые разновидности и в связи с этим наблюдается их изменчивая щелочность (Na2O/K2O0,0377,0). Установлено, что породы имеют повышенный уровень концентрации Ag, Ве, LILe, LREE и высокозарядных элементов Zr, Hf, Nb, Tа. Спектры распределения REE, нормированных к хондриту, у базальтов, диабазов и анальцимовых долеритов имеют вид наклонных линии, расположенных между профилями OIB и EMORB. Трахиты отличаются небольшим Eu минимумом. Для риолитов и окварцованных трахитов характерны существенно больший Eu минимум и широкий диапазон содержаний REE. Предполагается, что исходный расплав основного состава образован при плавлении шпинелевых перидотитов, подвергался влиянию флюидной фазы и был обогащен компонентами континентальной коры и субконтинентальной литосферы. Эволюционные изменения расплава, на стадии образования трахитов и риолитов, включали такие процессы как фракционирование плагиоклаза, апатита, ильменита и частичное смешение с выплавками, образовавшимися при плавлении метаосадков. На основании геологических оценок сделано предположение, что полиметаллическое и AuAg оруденение ассоциирующее с вулканитами, образовано в результате взаимодействия остывающих субвулканических тел с захороненными, возможно минерализованными, вадозными и седиментационными водами с последующим выщелачиванием рудных компонентов из среднеюрской углерод содержащей терригенной черносланцевой толщи (механизм конвективной ячейки). In the central part of the North Caucasus, within the KestantyKhaznidon neoallochtonous zone, allocated in the southern part of the Scythian platform there are lava flows, sills, small stocks and dykes of volcanic rocks of the Khulam complex that are associated with goldsilver mineralization. The article considers the Mesozoic geological history of the region, the existing ideas about the geodynamic position and age of volcanics. Investigation of the most common rocks represented by alkaline and moderately alkaline basalt porphyrites, diabases, analcite dolerites, trachytes and trachiolites. A petrographic description of the rocks is briefly given and the results of their RFA, ICPMS analysis are presented, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics are considered. It was shown that the investigated rocks are high and moderatealumina, high and moderatetitanic, moderately and lowmagnesian formations, among which there are highpotassium and highsodium varieties and, therefore, their variable alkalinity (Na2O/K2O0.0377.0). It was established that rocks have an increased level of concentration of Ag, Ве, LILe, LREE and highly charged elements Zr, Hf, Nb, Tа. The distribution spectra of REE, normalized to chondritis in basalts, diabases, and analcimeic dolerites have the form of oblique lines located between the OIB and EMORB profiles. Trachyte is characterized by a small Eu minimum. Rhyolites and silicified trachytes are characterized by a significantly larger Eu minimum and a wide range of REE contents. It is assumed that the initial melt of the basic composition was formed during the spinel peridotite melting and it was influenced by the fluid phase, and was enriched by the components of the continental crust and subcontinental lithosphere. The evolutionary changes in the melt, at the formation stage of trachytes and rhyolites, included such processes as fractionation of plagioclase, apatite, ilmenite, and partial mixing with the melts formed during the melting of metasediments. Based on geological estimates, it has been suggested that polymetallic and AuAg mineralization associated with volcanics is formed as a result of the interaction of cooling subvolcanic bodies with buried, possibly mineralized, vadose and sedimentation waters, followed by leaching of ore components from Middle Jurassic carbon containing terrigenous black shale strata (mechanism of convective cells).


Author(s):  
S. A. Nesmeyanov ◽  
O. A. Voeykova

Cases of regional neotectonic restructuring are well known in the Caucasus. Detailed geotectonic zoning and identification of local structural changes are required for the engineering geological and paleoecological studies. The Baksan River valley was studied in the North Caucasus as an example of such a restructuring. The problem about the number of Quaternary volcanogenic strata and their role in structural rearrangement is considered. The Pliocene – Plio-Pleistocene volcanogenic strata cloak-like covered the Nizhnechegemsky district before the first reconstruction. Zayuksky graben (with an amplitude of 200 m) was formed in the end of Plio-Pleistocene; and a part of Pliocene- Plio-Pleistocene volcanogenic strata sank into it. Two layers with a total thickness of more than 100 m were deposited in the resulting trough. The upper strata (baxangess) contain redeposited boulder-pebbly volcanogenic material. Colluvial, subaquatic-deltoid and lacustrian facies are registered. The orographic depression in Zayuksky graben was completely filled before Eopleistocene as a result of next restructuring. The Baksan River began to form a wide well-terraced valley without any significant left tributaries there. The baxangess strata contain pebble of liparite lavas and obsidians. This pebble was used by the Paleolithic man for making stone tools. Poor roundness of pebble indicates its short transportation distance. Contradictory ideas about the initial distribution of parental volcanic rocks are considered. It is concluded on the acuteness of identifying such neotectonic rearrangements for the analysis of various paleogeographic and paleoecological changes.


Author(s):  
Ruzanna V. Miroshnichenko ◽  
◽  
Anna Yu. Lukyanova ◽  
Svetlana A. Fedorova ◽  
Svetlana V. Nedvizhaj ◽  
...  

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