Plant Test Organisms in Bioassay of Tap Water Treated with a Flint Mineral

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-365
Author(s):  
A. V. Nanieva ◽  
R. D. Chebotareva ◽  
V. F. Kovalenko ◽  
V. A. Mykhailyk ◽  
S. V. Remez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Plant Test

The Biotesting of tap water treated with silicon mineral using plant test organisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Goncharuk ◽  
R. D. Chebotareva ◽  
V. F. Kovalenko ◽  
E. A. Pasichnaya
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Plant Test

Pseudomonacidal Activity of Phenolic Disinfectants in Hard Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 880-884
Author(s):  
Murray Winicov ◽  
William Schmidt ◽  
Muriel Palochak
Keyword(s):  
High Activity ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Confirmation Test ◽  
Test Organisms

Abstract Claims for pseudomonacidal activity under use conditions must be validated by hard water performance. Effective phenolic products can be formulated by using o-phenylphenol (OPP) as the principal active ingredient. In tap water containing calcium or magnesium ions, OPP is more effective than any high phenol coefficient phenolic ingredient. Such OPP compositions as are properly formulated with high activity phenolics require a use-dilution concentration providing at least 450 ppm OPP and not less than 750 ppm total phenolics to pass the AOAC use-dilution confirmation test, 4.011, against the 3 principal test organisms in the presence of 400 ppm hard water. Phenolic-based disinfectant products, providing use-dilution OPP concentrations up to 600 ppm and total phenolic concentrations up to 900 ppm, with validated hard water claims are now commercially available. An OPP standard formula is proposed which can be diluted to provide pass/fail usedilutions–a step in the direction of achieving uniformity among different testing laboratories.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE GERMICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AND HYPOCHLORITE COMPOUNDS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26f (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
High Concentrations

Using Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericha coli as test organisms, the influence of various concentrations of skim milk on the germicidal potency of Roccal and of Dalglish hypochlorite solutions was studied. Both germicides retained their activity in the presence of unexpectedly high concentrations of skim milk, especially against S. aureus. Small concentrations frequently showed a slight potentiating effect in both laboratory and plant tests. The effectiveness of the hypochlorite fell off sharply beyond a certain concentration, while that of Roccal declined more gradually. Solutions of Roccal prepared with tap water were decidedly less active against E. coli than those prepared with distilled water. With the hypochlorite, tap water solutions were equally effective. Against S. aureus, a similar difference was noted although to a lesser extent. Added skim milk depressed the germicidal action of tap water solutions of Roccal to a greater extent than for distilled water solutions, while for the hypochlorite the reverse held true.

The estimation of pesticides toxicity with the help of zootest method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Tatiana Fylypchuk ◽  
Iryna Sytnikova
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sensitive Test ◽  
Pesticide Toxicity ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Test Objects

The following article is the result of biotesting of ecotoxicological danger of pesticides, which are used in gardening. Ten pesticide preparations were selected for the research, six of them are fungicides: flint-star, chorus, score, stroby, topsin-M and median-extra and four of them are insecticides: bi-58, calypso, mospilan and actara. Toxicity of pesticides was identified through analyzing ten times dilution (1:10) of the recommended solution specified by the manufacturer. Not less than three days old tap water served as control. Daphnia, Ostracoda and Danio were selected as test objects. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 24 and 72 hours of exposure the number of dead animals was visually determined and the percentage of survival of testers was calculated. The toxicity of the pesticide preparations was considered as proven if the percentage of test organisms mortality rate was ≥50%. The scale of pesticide toxicity degree was developed, including the percentage of test organisms mortality during certain exposure time (up to 24 or 48 hours). It can be used to define its acute and toxic effect. According to the biotesting results, flint-star and score are the most toxic among the examined pesticide preparations fungicides for aquatic ecosystems, as they showed ultrahigh and high levels of toxicity for zootests. Carp fishes of the genus Danio showed greater sensitivity to the influence of fungicides and lower to insecticides, while for aquatic crustaceous Daphnia and Ostracoda these features were not detected. The sensitivity of the tested test objects to insecticides decreased in an order: Ostracoda sp.→Daphnia sp.→Danio sp. Comparing the sensitivity of aquatic crustaceous in the process of the pesticides biotesting, it was found out that Ostracoda sp. is more sensitive test object than Daphnia sp. Under the same conditions of biotesting, an absolute immobilization of ostracods is two times higher than the immobilization of Branchiopoda.

Some Environmental Factors Affecting Survival of Fecal Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Seawater

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahmy El-Sharkawi ◽  
L. El-Attar ◽  
A. Abdel Gawad ◽  
S. Molazem
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Fecal Pathogens ◽  
Purification Of Water

This study was conducted to determine the effects of certain environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and light, on the die-off of Salmonellatyphi, Salmonellavein, Shigellaflexneri, and Escherichiacoli, examples of fecal pathogens and indicator organisms in water. The survival of these organisms was investigated in different types of water: seawater, filter sterilized seawater, tap water, and normal saline. The organisms were counted every two hours for 8 hours, then daily for up to 7 days. It was found that there was no great difference in the survival times of the organisms tested at temperatures of 25 - 35°C, but at 40°C they died off more rapidly. The salinity of the seawater did not affect the survival time of the Salmonella bacteria. However, Sh.flexneri and E.coli appeared to survive for longer in freshwater than in seawater at temperatures of 30 - 35°C. Daylight, i.e., sunlight, had a deleterious effect on all test organisms, Survival times were shorter when exposed to daylight than in the dark in the different types of water, being from several hours to 24 h compared to several days in the dark. Artificial light had less effect than natural daylight. It was concluded that exposure to sunlight is the most important factor in the self-purification of water polluted due to sewage outfalls.

INFLUENCE OF NANOCOMPOSITE Ag/AgCl ON THE CULTURE OF MICROALGAE SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA AND PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM

2018 ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
A. G. Trigub ◽  
V. I. Ipatova
Keyword(s):  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scenedesmus Quadricauda ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Plant Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

The toxicity of the Ag/AgCl nanocomposite was evaluated at different concentrations in chronic experiments for 41 days using standard freshwater and marine plant test organisms of Scenedesmus quadricauda (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L). Comparative sensitivity of test organisms in acute experiments (72 hours) in terms of LC50 was carried out. It was established that the green alga of S. quadricauda is more sensitive to the Ag/AgCl nanocomposite (LC50 = 0.02 mg/l) than the marine diatomea P. tricornutum (LC50 = 0.3 mg/l). The greatest algicidal effect on the growth of S. quadricauda culture was provided by the nanocomposite in concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mg/l, at which the culture did not grow during the experiment. And at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/l the algostatic effect was observed for 10 and 1 days, respectively, after which the culture resumed growth. In the culture of P. tricornutum at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l there was a prolonged inhibition of growth, but after 25 days at 1.0 mg/l the number of cells began to increase. In the presence of 0.5 mg/l the culture resumed growth after 4 days of lag phase and overtook the number of control. At the concentration of 0.25 mg/l the growth of P. tricornutum was either at or above the control level. The difference in the response of the two species of algae can be explained both by the individual feature of the species and by the more complex composition of the marine nutrient medium, which reduces the toxicity of the nanocomposite. According to analytical electron microscopy silver from Ag/AgCl nanocomposites within a day falls inside the cells of S. quadricauda and P. tricornutum algae, passing unimpeded both through the cell wall and the cell membrane.

STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 630-636
Author(s):  
F.-E. Krusius ◽  
P. Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Redistilled Water ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

Tap Water As Irrigation Fluid in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
* Dr. Prashant Hansraj Salvi ◽  
◽  
Dr.Ketan Vartak ◽  
Dr. Sudhir Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Irrigation Fluid

Relationship between availability of basic amenities and proportion of Slum population in Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1354
Author(s):  
Dr. Sakreen Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Class I ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Closed Drainage ◽  
The People ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Slum Population

The urban centers offering diverse employment opportunities and means of livelihood are the main centers of attraction for migration. But the availability of infrastructure is low to accommodate the invariably growing population. The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet facility, wastewater outlet and clean fuel are critical determinants of quality of urbanization. And if it lacks, then it would facilitates the growth of slum.  In this paper it being tried to capture the interdependent relationship between basic amenities and slum population residing in the class I towns in Maharashtra; largest slum populated state of India. As the slum is all about the situation or condition in which the people of medium and lower strata are living. A detailed analysis of proportion of slum population and availability of amenities which includes good housing condition, treated tap water as the source of drinking water, electricity as the source of lightning, households having latrine and bathing facility within the premises, waste water outlet connected to closed drainage, and households availing the banking facilities. This may be a limitation of the study that only these indicators have been taken to assess the availability of amenities and to calculate the amenity index of class I towns of the state of Maharashtra. To achieve the sustainable development goal (Sustainable cities and communities), we have to control the growth of slum population and to combat the formation of slum; we have to analyze the situation of basic infrastructure provided in urban centers. Amenities and slum population has policy implications as to reduce the slum population, provide basic amenities to the households which will improve their standard of living and ultimately lead to reduction in growth of slum and check the future slum formation.

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