Abstract
Endometriosis exerts detrimental effects on ovarian physiology and compromises follicular health. Granulosa cells of endometriosis patients are characterized by increased apoptosis, as well as high oxidative stress. Among several pathophysiologic factors associated with endometriosis, it is expected that oxidative stress contributes to the induction of apoptosis in granulosa cells, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a local factor closely associated with oxidative stress, has emerged as a critical regulator of ovarian function. We hypothesized that ER stress is activated by high oxidative stress in granulosa cells in ovaries with endometrioma and mediates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Ovaries from patients with endometrioma and control were collected to determine apoptosis, oxidative stress and ER stress by TUNEL, immunohistochemical staining of 8-OHdG and ER stress sensors, respectively. Human granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs) obtained from IVF patients were cultured with H2O2 (an oxidative stress inducer) or tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, an ER stress inhibitor in clinical use) to assess apoptosis and ER stress by quantitative PCR and FACS. Activity of pro-apoptotic factors was determined by caspase-8 activity assay and western blotting for cleaved caspase-3. Human GLCs from patients with endometrioma expressed up to two times higher level of mRNAs associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR), including ATF4, ATF6, the spliced form of XBP1, HSPA5, and CHOP. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated ER stress sensor proteins, IRE1 and PERK, were elevated. Given that ER stress results in phosphorylation of ER stress sensor proteins and induces UPR factors, these findings indicate that these cells were under ER stress. H2O2 increased expression of UPR-associated mRNAs in cultured human GLCs, and this effect was abrogated by pre-treatment with TUDCA. Treatment with H2O2 increased apoptosis and the activity of pro-apoptotic factors caspase-8 and caspase-3, both of which were attenuated by TUDCA. Our findings suggest that activated ER stress induced by high oxidative stress in granulosa cells in ovaries with endometrioma mediates apoptosis of these cells, leading to ovarian dysfunction in endometriosis patients. Targeting ER stress with currently clinically available ER stress inhibitors, or with these agents in combination with antioxidants, may serve as a novel strategy for rescuing endometriosis-associated ovarian dysfunction.
NF-κB, Caspase-3 and p53 Pathways are Involved in Resveratrol-Chitosan Nanoparticles-Induced Apoptosis in Hela Cells with Oxidative Stress
