precious stones
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Author(s):  
Oleksandr Oguy ◽  
Olha Ivasiuk ◽  
Galyna Ivasiuk

The article focuses on systematic research of Christian colour precious stones symbols in the context of a new conception of symbol as a synergetic lingo cultural hyper sign. It was pointed out that colours as hyper symbols, which were realized through precious stones, accepted symbolic use typical for Christianity. It was also proved that in Middle Ages colour was an expressive characteristic for precious stones depicting in literature. In general symbols were defined as complicated cultural phenomena depending upon both individual interpretation and upon the level of cultural stereotypes.


Author(s):  
I. Pustovoitova

Іn the article the decision of problem of counteraction to the illegal booty of jewels of оrganogenic formation is presented by his legalization and analysis rows of normative documents that set the special order of the use of bowels of the earth for this aim. It is indicated that among crimes that trench upon the natural resources of country, most latent, and to the volume, the least investigational is exactly this type of criminal offence. The concept of amber is given in a publication, and it is indicated in what the duties of users of bowels of the earth, and also the certain basic requirements during working mine of minerals and the basic requirements, consist in industry of guard of bowels of the earth Procedure is exposed and in detail taking title of sing the bowels of the earth is described for mining, in particular, she is begun with development in accordance with the current landed legislation of project organization of the use of land in relation to talk in of lot land for mining, realization of examination and estimation of the found out supplies of minerals all right established by the State Commission of Ukraine for Mineral Resources, obtaining a single subsoil use permit after coordination with the competent authorities, approval of the project for the development of a mineral deposit, obtaining land for subsoil use and ends at the time of state registration of property rights to the land. Socio-economic and legal factors of the problem of illegal amber mining are determined. The attempts of the legislator to regulate the issue of amber mining from its illegal fishing by developing numerous bills, issuing decrees and orders have been studied. Their shortcomings and positive directions are revealed. The socioeconomic and legal preconditions for illegal extraction of precious stones of organogenic formation are indicated.


Author(s):  
А. В. Окулов

Торговая книга XVI в. рассмотрена в качестве самостоятельного источника с целью изучения характера минералогических познаний, существовавших у наших предков в XVI-XVII вв. Выполнено сопоставление камней, упоминаемых в книге, с реальными минералами, в т. ч. на основе анализа упоминаемых минералогических характеристик. Отмечено, что в памятнике описываются, прежде всего, реальные минералогические свойства, в отличие от современных ему «лечебников» и «травников», а также памятников официальной и отреченной книжности. В качестве основного приема для отличия наиболее дорогих камней от менее ценных использовалось такое свойство как твердость. Это свойство минералов и сейчас широко применяется для их диагностики на основе 10-балльной шкалы твердости Мооса. Автор Торговой книги предлагает использовать для определения наиболее дорогих минералов своеобразные «эталоны» - обломки достоверных драгоценных камней (яхонт, лал, изумруд). Весьма важно упоминание наждака как материала для обработки ювелирных камней. В совокупности с находками необработанных ювелирных камней в слоях XVI-XVII вв. это подтверждает наличие собственных мастерских по их обработке. A trading book of the 16th century was analyzed as a separate source with a view of exploring the nature of mineralogical knowledge that our ancestors living in the 16th-17th centuries had. The analysis included comparison of the stones mentioned in the book with genuine minerals including review of the listed mineralogical characteristics. The paper notes that the book describes primarily true mineralogical properties in contrast to books of home remedies and books of herbal cures as well as books of official and prohibited booklore. The main method to distinguish between the most precious stones and less valuable ones is based on analysis of stone hardness. This mineral property is still widely used for their diagnostics based on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, with scale number from 1 to 10. The author of the trading book suggests to use special “standards” for determining the most precious minerals such as fragments of true gemstones (jachont, lal, and emerald). It is rather important that he mentions emery as material for processing precious stones. Along with the finds of unprocessed gemstones in the layers of the 16th<-17th centuries it is an evidence of existence of jewelry workshops.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poornapushpakala S ◽  
BARANI S ◽  
M. Subramoniam ◽  
Vijayashree T

Abstract India has its unique and rich cultural heritage. One such uniqueness in India is ancient paintings. Especially in South India, Tanjore paintings are very popular. These paintings are made with vibrant colours, gold, silver and precious stones. These paintings are the memorabilia of the great Chola kingdom. These paintings can be seen in great Brahadeeshwara Temple walls till now. Damages to these paintings happen due to varying environmental conditions throughout the year. Hence, preserving these heritages could be an additional source in National Cultural Museum and cultural libraries. This paper focuses towards the restoration of such ancient painting images that can be digitized and archived for the future use of aesthete.


Author(s):  
INDUTNYI Volodymyr ◽  
MEREZHKO Nina ◽  
PIRKOVICH Kateryna

Background. Jewelry is one of the components of material, ritual, cultural and historical heritage of mankind.Modern jewelry has acquired significant differences from those created in the past. Changes in the field of production and trade in jewelry explain the relevance of the analysis of cost indicators in the modern jewelry market and the feasibility of improving commodity expertise. The aim of the workis to analyze the cost indicators on the jewelry market in Ukraine, to conduct their commodity expertiseand to develop an algorithm for cost forecastingof jewelry in accordance with their quality characteristics. Materials and methods. A database of initial data on jewelry present on the market was created in the following range: weddingrings, rings, pendants and earrings. All named products weigh up to 10 grams and are made of 925 silver and 585 gold. Most of them are decorated with precious and semi-precious stones or inserts that imitate them. To develop an algorithm for cost forecastingof jewelry, a mathematical model was built and the quality of the approximation was calculated according to K. Pearson. Results. The results of the analysis of cost indicators in the modern jewelry market are described, and also recommendations for performance of tasks of their com­modity expertise are given. Three commodity groups of jewelry have been identified and an algorithm for predicting their value has been developed.A protocol for assessing the quality of jewelry and standards for visual comparison operations are presented. An approach to determining the estimated value of exclusive jewelry is proposed. Conclusion. The general regulations of work of commodity expertise of jewelry are established. Creating a mathematical model for cost forecastingof jewelry requires the compi­lation of a database of initial data of representative samples presented on the market. For each cost interval it is necessary to build a regression mathematical model that will ensure maximum consideration of pricing factors and the authenticity and reproducibility of the results of commodity research. Commodity expertiseof the cheapest jewelry can be carried out only on the basis of the value of the used precious metals. Medium-value jewelry requires market analysis and mathematical forecasting. Jewelry with precious stones of natural origin also requires analysis of databases on precious stones. More expensive jewelry (more than UAH 300,000 per sample) can be valued only at the value of the gemstone. Keywords: commodity expertise, jewelry, cost forecasting, protocol, evaluation criterion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-254
Author(s):  
Michael Bermejo-Wenzel ◽  
Andrea H. Schneider-Braunberger

Abstract The essay explores the role of gemstone merchants, jewelers and goldsmiths in the expropriation of diamonds, jewellery and precious stones from the Jewish population of Germany as well as German-occupied countries in the Nazi era. Their participation along with the possibility for them to profit from these efforts will be highlighted, and it will be shown in how far there is proof for the involvement of specific persons. Due to their changeable nature, many of the stolen pieces of jewellery are nigh impossible to trace. For this reason, the essay narrows its focus on individual gemstone merchants, jewellers and goldsmiths to gain insight into their involvement in the robbery. Structures and regulations that were exploited to this end can be observed on an administrative level, in responsible administrative bodies and in the administration of occupied territories. In addition, implementation methods can also be reconstructed, i. e. which middlemen the National Socialists made use of within the circle of gemstone merchants, jewellers and goldsmiths. It shows that all three levels – trade, handicrafts, and sales – benefited from the robbery. On the one hand, jewellers and goldsmiths were used as henchmen for the procurement and evaluation of gemstones, on the other hand, some of these goldsmiths took advantage of the sales orders placed by the National Socialists and obtained the necessary gems and precious stones and metals via the established networks. A scheme in which all participants systematically benefited from the robbery of Jewish property can be identified. Within the framework of foreign currency supply, military raw diamond demand and satisfaction of the Nazi art needs, the participation in the robbery seems limited to an elitist group of gemstone merchants, jewellers and goldsmiths, who were also closely linked to the Nazi elite. In how far the remaining, much larger group of jewellers were actively involved in the robbery of Jewish property remains a question to be answered by further research.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Ooi

Purpose Precious stones and metals have commonly been used throughout the world as a conduit for terrorism and money laundering activities. Such illicit use of these assets has called for its much-needed attention from a regulatory perspective. This is particularly relevant in a financial haven such as Singapore. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to explore how several of the most common trading and investment activities involving precious stones and metals in Singapore are regulated. Design/methodology/approach The research explores activities include the trading of – the storing or custodising of – and the current available savings plans involving the use of precious stones and metals. It is based mainly on information collected from various legal sources such as books, domestic legislation and international papers issued by the Financial Action Task Force and the Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering. Findings With the author’s findings, the analysis may prove useful for businesses seeking to navigate the regulatory landscape for precious stones and metals in Singapore, for investors seeking to understand the protection offered to them under the regulatory framework and for other jurisdictions seeking to evaluate and refine their existing framework for regulating precious stones and metals. Originality/value To the author’s knowledge, this is the first substantive academic study which analyses the regulatory landscape for the use of precious stones and metals under the Singapore Law.


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