First grammar books in the Habsburg Monarchy: individual initiative and regulatory interference by the state (1760s–1770s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2 (11)) ◽  
pp. 137-157
Author(s):  
Olga V. Khavanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
German Language ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
The One

The second half of the eighteenth century in the lands under the sceptre of the House of Austria was a period of development of a language policy addressing the ethno-linguistic diversity of the monarchy’s subjects. On the one hand, the sphere of use of the German language was becoming wider, embracing more and more segments of administration, education, and culture. On the other hand, the authorities were perfectly aware of the fact that communication in the languages and vernaculars of the nationalities living in the Austrian Monarchy was one of the principal instruments of spreading decrees and announcements from the central and local authorities to the less-educated strata of the population. Consequently, a large-scale reform of primary education was launched, aimed at making the whole population literate, regardless of social status, nationality (mother tongue), or confession. In parallel with the centrally coordinated state policy of education and language-use, subjects-both language experts and amateur polyglots-joined the process of writing grammar books, which were intended to ease communication between the different nationalities of the Habsburg lands. This article considers some examples of such editions with primary attention given to the correlation between private initiative and governmental policies, mechanisms of verifying the textbooks to be published, their content, and their potential readers. This paper demonstrates that for grammar-book authors, it was very important to be integrated into the patronage networks at the court and in administrative bodies and stresses that the Vienna court controlled the process of selection and financing of grammar books to be published depending on their quality and ability to satisfy the aims and goals of state policy.

Spousal Characteristics and Language Use at Home: Immigrants and Their Descendants in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 874-893
Author(s):  
Rennie Lee
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
At Home

Whether immigrants and their descendants maintain or lose the mother tongue is central to debates about national and ethnic identities and immigrant integration. This is true in Canada, where language is a defining characteristic of the social and political landscape and large-scale migration has contributed to the country’s linguistic diversity. Whereas theories of linguistic assimilation predict mother-tongue loss in a few generations, interracial, interethnic, or cross-generational marriages may slow this process. This study examines whether official language(s) use at home is associated with spousal characteristics and how this association varies by generation and ethnic ancestry. Spousal characteristics and language use are positively associated, net of ethnic and religious context, parental characteristics, and individual characteristics. The movement toward official language(s) use only at home may be accelerated by spouses with the same first language or educated spouses, but this process can be delayed for individuals in foreign-born and endogamous marriages.

Cameralism, Josephinism, and Enlightenment: The Dynamic of Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1740–92

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Franz A. J. Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Historical Drama ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Joseph Ii ◽  
Franz Grillparzer ◽  
Do So

In his great 1848 historical drama,Ein Bruderzwist im Hause Habsburg, the Austrian playwright Franz Grillparzer has Emperor Matthias utter the words that have often been applied to understanding the whole history of the Habsburg monarchy:Das ist der Fluch von unserm edeln Haus:Auf halben Wegen und zu halber TatMit halben Mitteln zauderhaft zu streben.[That is the curse of our noble house:Striving hesitatingly on half waysto half action with half means.]True as those sentiments may be of many periods in the history of the monarchy, the one period of which it cannotbe said is the second half of eighteenth century. The age of Maria Theresa, Joseph II, and Leopold II was perhaps the greatest era of consistent and committed reform in the four-hundred-year history of the monarchy. What I want to address in this article are some aspects of the dynamic of this reform era, and this falls into two categories. On the one hand, there is the broad energizing or motive force behind the larger development, and on the other, there are the ideas or assumptions that lay behind the policies adopted. As might be evident from the subtitle of my article, I propose to look primarily at the second of these categories. I do so because I think while Habsburg historiography has reached considerable consensus on the first, it has not looked enough on the second as an explanatory hermeneutic.

Agrarian change and agrarian crisis: state and peasantry in post-revolution Ethiopia

Africa ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dessalegn Rahmato
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Rural Ethiopia ◽  
The One ◽  
Agrarian Crisis ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis article reviews the agrarian policies of post-revolution Ethiopia and discusses the evolution of relations between the peasantry and the military state in the period 1975-90. In broad terms, state policy changed rapidly from simple, home-flavoured populism in the latter part of the 1970s to hard-line Stalinism in the 1980s. The various rural policies that followed, such as collectivisation, villagisation and resettlement, and their effect on the peasantry are briefly assessed. The central point is that these policies impeded the institutionalisation of the populist land reform, politicised agricultural programmes to the detriment of rural production, and embittered relations between state and peasantry. The article also deals with the structure of power in rural Ethiopia as it was beginning to emerge out of the radical reforms of the period in question. The newly evolving rural elite, peasants active in rural mass organisations, is shown to be closely linked with the state apparatus. The hardening of state policy on the one hand, and peasant resentment on the other, soon led to a sort of unholy alliance between the forces of the state at the local level and the rural elite, giving rise to corruption on a large scale. The rapid escalation of rural insurgency, while not directly addressed, is shown to have been a consequence of the deterioration of relations between peasants and the state. The reform of agrarian Stalinism hurriedly launched in 1990 - discussed at some length in the last section of the article - came much too late to rally the peasantry to the side of the state.

Order and Disorder in Colonial South India

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene F. Irschick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South India ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
Political Security ◽  
The One

Recently, we have come to see that the perceptions which we had of the decay and destruction of India in the eighteenth century were more than anything else a product of British writing which sought consciously or unconsciously to magnify and color the changes which took place in the eighteenth century to enhance the magnitude of their own ‘achievements’ from then onwards. ‘achievements’ from then onwards. Secondly, we have come to see the interaction of British desires for political security on the one hand and a steady income from land and other taxes as producing a situation first of depression in the first half of the nineteenth century and later of gradual underdevelopment at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth. It is therefore possible now to understand the unwillingness of the British administration in India to engage in any large-scale developmental activity which would upset the political balance which the British had established early in their relationship with landed and mercantile groups in the area. In this essay, I should like to address the connection between British support for landed groups in the agrarian area outside of Madras on the one hand and the colonial ‘discovery’ and reinforcement of traditions on the other, to understand both the nature of colonial control strategies and the genesis of Indian revivalism.

Der literarische Anschluss Siebenbürgens – Heinrich Zillich und Das Innere Reich (1934–1944): Eine Fallstudie

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-455
Author(s):  
Michaela Nowotnick
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Border Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
German Language ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
National Ideology ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Area ◽  
The One

AbstractIn the journal Das Innere Reich, published from 1934 to 1944 by the Langen-Müller publishing house in Munich, there is an astonishing density of articles relating to Transylvania. The south-eastern border region of the former Habsburg Monarchy is the subject of publications of essayistic contributions and texts by authors from the region, with Heinrich Zillich in particular playing a central role. The integration of Transylvania followed two basic lines: On the one hand, a group of people who had been living outside the inner-German language area for centuries was established as an integral part of the ʻGerman ethnic groupʼ. On the other hand, Transylvania, which has always been inhabited by different ethnic groups, was presented as a model of a clearly hierarchical region in the sense of the national ideology.

scholarly journals The Greeks under the Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Karlovci in the Eighteenth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Goran Vasin ◽  
Nenad Ninković ◽  
Ifigenija Radulović
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Status

In the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy during the eighteenth century, the only Orthodox Church whose jurisdiction was recognised by the imperial authorities was that of the Archbishopric of Karlovci, which up to 1766 was an autonomous part of the Patriarchate of Peć. The believers who were part of this archbishopric had the freedom to profess their religion, which is why the Greeks who took up temporary residence in the towns of the Habsburg Monarchy turned to its archbishop when seeking their religious rights. However, there was an important difference in the status of the Greeks and the Serbs, since the former would not become subjects of the Habsburg Monarchy on a large scale until the 1760s while the former were already subjects. Due to their shared religion, in smaller settlements where they were a minority the religious needs of the Greeks were met within the existing Serbian parishes. This article describes the development of Greekparishes under the administration of the archbishop of Karlovci, how the authorities treated them and how they attained their religious rights.

scholarly journals From Semi-Colony to Sub-Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-259
Author(s):  
György Kövér
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

This study analyses the historiographical application of two concepts (colony, and empire), the contemporary interpretations of which fundamentally determined judgements about the status of Hungary within the Habsburg Monarchy. Despite the fact that the concept of ‘colony’ as used in the eighteenth century was widely known, the category of the ‘semi-colony’ eventually proved to be unable to describe the conditions of the Austrian–Hungarian world in the second half of the nineteenth century. The term ‘Hungarian Empire’ clearly arose from the language of the nineteenth century. Various meanings of this were formulated: as a term for the one-time territory of Hungarian Kingdom (the Holy Crown of St. Stephen, meaning Hungary proper, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia) on the one hand; and another one that included expansion beyond the Carpathian basin (mainly toward southeastern Europe). A third meaning also existed: a Hungarian-centered version that included all Habsburg provinces, which from time to time was hard to distinguish from the first and second meanings mentioned above. Reviewing the asymmetrical but parallel developments of the concepts of ‘colony’ and ‘empire,’ we must establish that in the long term the case for the usage of both terms has been undermined. Even more does this opinion seem to be valid in the case of derivative, retrospectively constructed concepts (such as semi-colony, and sub-empire) that are not rooted in the dictionary of the historical sources and conceptual history of political ideas.

scholarly journals Maintaining linguistic diversity through multilingual education

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Adél Furu
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Multilingual Education ◽  
Multilingual Societies ◽  
The One ◽  
Education In Turkey ◽  
Half Decade

This paper focuses on the educational system of two states with different cultural backgrounds. On the one hand, this paper examines the current situation of Sami teaching in Finland and on the other hand, it describes the development of Kurdish education in Turkey. Through this paper I point out how education in minority languages can contribute to the maintenance of linguistic diversity in the above mentioned multilingual societies. In the multilingual Sápmi area the existing linguistic relationships are constantly changing, while the concept of linguistic diversity is redefined. In the last half decade, Turkey began taking into account the reality of multilingualism of the linguistically heterogeneous state. Today there are several possibilities to study the Kurdish language as a mother tongue.

A CASE STUDY OF NL INFLUENCE IN UNIS FKIP ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS' INTERLANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Irmala Sukendra ◽  
Agus Mulyana ◽  
Imam Sudarmaji
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Similar System ◽  
The One ◽  
L1 Acquisition

Regardless to the facts that English is being taught to Indonesian students starting from early age, many Indonesian thrive in learning English. They find it quite troublesome for some to acquire the language especially to the level of communicative competence. Although Krashen (1982:10) states that “language acquirers are not usually aware of the fact that they are acquiring language, but are only aware of the fact that they are using the language for communication”, second language acquisition has several obstacles for learners to face and yet the successfulness of mastering the language never surmounts to the one of the native speakers. Learners have never been able to acquire the language as any native speakers do. Mistakes are made and inter-language is unavoidable. McNeili in Ellis (1985, p. 44) mentions that “the mentalist views of L1 acquisition hypothesizes the process of acquisition consists of hypothesis-testing, by which means the grammar of the learner’s mother tongue is related to the principles of the ‘universal grammar’.” Thus this study intends to find out whether the students go through the phase of interlanguage in their attempt to acquire second language and whether their interlanguage forms similar system as postulated by linguists (Krashen).

You’ve got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette. Linguistic complexity and instruction in SLA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick De Graaff
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Language Pedagogy ◽  
Instructed Second Language Acquisition ◽  
The One

In this epilogue, I take a teaching practice and teacher education perspective on complexity in Instructed Second Language Acquisition. I take the stance that it is essential to understand if and how linguistic complexity relates to learning challenges, what the implications are for language pedagogy, and how this challenges the role of the teacher. Research shows that differences in task complexity may lead to differences in linguistic complexity in language learners’ speech or writing. Different tasks (e.g. descriptive vs narrative) and different modes (oral vs written) may lead to different types and levels of complexity in language use. On the one hand, this is a challenge for language assessment, as complexity in language performance may be affected by task characteristics. On the other hand, it is an opportunity for language teaching: using a diversity of tasks, modes and text types may evoke and stretch lexically and syntactically complex language use. I maintain that it is essential for teachers to understand that it is at least as important to aim for development in complexity as it is to aim for development in accuracy. Namely, that ‘errors’ in language learning are part of the deal: complex tasks lead to complex language use, including lexical and syntactical errors, but they are a necessary prerequisite for language development.

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