Școala română din Paris (Fontenay-aux-roses) – file semnificative din istoria unei instituții românești dispărută în negura timpului / Romanian School in Paris (Fontenay-aux-roses) – significant Pages in the History of a Romanian Institution that Disappeared in the Mists of Time

The beginning of the twentieth century was strongly marked by the First World War. Among the unexpected results of this conflagration we can observe an exponential growth of cultural relations between the states involved in the conflict on the same side. If we explicitly look at the Romanian-French cultural relations from this perspective, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with an exceptional example of cultural collaboration on the European continent. The first concrete step of this process was the signing in Bucharest of The PoincaréAngelescu Educational Convention on June 15, 1919, a document according to which the French state provided its support for the consolidation of Romanian education, especially in the new provinces that entered the Romanian state. Thus, in Bucharest, the French university mission was created as a separate entity as a result of this convention. Later, in 1924, it was reorganized into the French Institute of Higher Studies. Through these two concrete actions, the French state took the initiative and offered its promised support for its ”Latin sister in Eastern Europe”. In the same period, the actions of the Kingdom of Romania in this sense were much slower and more indecisive, requiring a private initiative of the historian N. Iorga.

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, PROFESSIONAL STATUS AND QUALIFICATION OF DENTAL TECHNICIANS IN BULGARIA

The profession of "dental technician" appeared relatively late. The first dental technicians were trained by dentists and worked for them. Gradually, they separated as master owners of the studios and began to hire and train apprentices and journeymen. This time has long been forgotten. After 1997, a dental technician became a person who acquired the right to practice the profession after three years of college education. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the profession began with private initiative, passed through state and municipal ownership of dental laboratories, in order to return, for the most part, back to private initiative. Our goal is to study and present demographic characteristics, professional status and qualifications of practitioners in the specialty. To achieve this goal, we studied literature sources, regulations and conducted a sociological survey involving 360 dental technicians. The respondents are from 25 regional colleges of the Bulgarian Association of Dental Technicians, from which we received permission to hold it. We found that the class is relatively aging, which is in line with the demographic problems in our country and in the countries of the European Union. The profession is dominated by men, managers of dental laboratories, who for the most part are registered as Independent Medical and Technical Laboratories. A relatively large number of dental technicians periodically attend postgraduate courses to meet the ever-increasing demands of dentists and patients.

Francisco de Vitoria on the Right to Free Trade and Justice

In 1538–39 Francisco de Vitoria delivered two relections: De Indis and De iure belli. This article distills from these writings the topic of free trade as a “human right” in accordance with ius gentium or the “law of peoples.” The right to free trade is rooted in a more fundamental right to communication and association. The rights to travel, to dwell, and to migrate precede the right to trade, which is also closely connected to the rights to preach, to protect converts, and to constitute Christian princes. This has significant repercussions on the field of business ethics: the right to free trade is ultimately founded directly on natural law and indirectly on divine law; trade is not independent of ethics; and trade is presented as an opportunity to develop the virtues of justice and friendship, among other repercussions. Vitoria is portrayed as a defender of private initiative and free markets.

How Clusters Create Shared Value in Rural Areas: An Examination of Six Case Studies

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate that clusters can support the sustainable development of rural areas through the creation of shared value. This is done via the close exam-ination of six different cases of rural clusters in Greece, Italy, Germany, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden. Qualitative as well as quantitative data weretaken from the clusters, which demonstrated that their main business approaches naturally coincided with the creation of economic, social, and environmental benefits for the local communities in which they operated. The case clusters were created in a top-down manner, aimed at boosting regional R&D activities and making the local economy more competitive and more sustainable. However, private initiative took over and al-lowed these clusters to flourish because meeting the regions’ economic, social, and environmental needs successfully coincided with the target of the clusters’ own development and profitability. The results show that clusters, with their potential for shared value creation, can constitute a powerful engine for the revitalisation and development of rural areas, addressing the significant challenges which they are currently facing.

Examples from practice of the elementary education in Great Britain of the 19th century (R. Owen’s private initiative on people education)

The article studies the issue of the theory and practice of the elementary education development in Great Britain of the 19th century. A correlation between private initiative and State assistance in the formation process of the elementary schools net has been defined and proved by the samples from the history of the elementary education development. Special attention is given to the investigation of R.Owen’s private initiative on people education activity. Three periods in this activity have been identified according to changing R.Owen’s philosophy, publishing new works, searching for new forms of his private initiative on people education activity. New Lenark’s period in his education activity has been considered. The main trends of R.Owen’s education activity in the denoted period have been characterized. The goal of R.Owen’s public and education activity has been determined as paying attention of people and British government to the issue of creating and activity of elementary education schools. Assistance for two British educational specialists has been defined as one of the main trends in R.Owen’s education activity. Taking a part in the creating standards base of the elementary education development including Factory Acts (1802-1819) has been described as a considerable contribution in R.Owen’s education activity. R.Owen as a founder of kindergarten in Great Britain in 1816 ( a part of his Institute) has been ascertained in the investigation. R.Owen’s studying both native and foreign educational specialists experience has been pronounced the significant part of his education activity. It is concluded that elementary education school activity in Great Britain of the 19th century is characterized by private initiative. R.Owen’s education activity has received recognition in the elementary education development in Great Britain of the 19th century.

Potential Areas for Investment in Morocco. An Analysis using Inputs-Outputs Model

During the 1990s Morocco implemented a series of major institutional and economic reforms that made the country politically stable and helped it to withstand the destabilizing effects of the Arab Spring. Political reforms resulted in the adoption of a new constitution in 2011, was followed by initiatives to improve justice, public administration, the fight against corruption, and to strengthen governance, transparency and ethics in public life. The country also embarked on a regionalization of public policies and decentralization of administration to ensure an integrated and durable regional development. This reform momentum was further emphasized by the King of Morocco when in his 2019 throne speech he stressed that "… the stake is thus to rebuild a strong and competitive economy, by encouraging the private initiative, while launching new productive investment plans and by creating new job opportunities…". Keywords: Moroccan economy, Investment in Morocco, Political reforms.

Neo-globalization Revisited: The Contours of a New Global Economic Order

<p>Disruption induces disequilibrium. Today’s global economy is the case in point. Powerful sources of disruption are undermining classic premises of global economic equilibrium and, in the process, changing the contours of the world economy. Long cherished globalization premises of free market, open economy, small government, private initiative, and deregulation are being challenged. Sources of this challenge are numerous. There are government and corporate debt, extreme individualism, high industry concentration, slanted income and wealth distribution, self-serving industry practices, and above all self-centered trade policies.</p><p>What has gone wrong and is there a way out of this dark environment is the focus of this article. The article addresses the need and premises of a Neo-globalization. It addressed, as a point of start, the failures of the existing paradigm and moves on to address premises for a Neo-globalization.</p>

Elements for a Creative City: An Analysis of Kortrijk, Belgium

This article focuses on the case of the city of Kortrijk, Belgium, which in 2017 received the title of Creative City of Design from Unesco, especially the MyMachine, SPEK, and 5X5® Projects. The objective was to identify the main elements responsible for winning the title. To meet this objective, we opted for descriptive exploratory research, through bibliographic research. Among the results, it was possible to show that the city has come over the years, developing socially and economically based on its actions and strategies in the design and education, creative projects, and entrepreneurship, even long before being part of Unesco's World Network of Creative Cities. It was observed that Kortrjik has a driving role, mainly because it manages to create an innovation ecosystem with all the social actors involved in this process, highlighting the MyMachine, SPEK and 5X5® Projects, articulated with governmental, private initiative and civil society, giving the city a potential for relevant social innovation.