An Exploration of the Brain Study through A Practical Measurement and Application Using f-NIRS in Educational Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-231
Author(s):  
Sang-Hee Park ◽  
Jin-Sun Park ◽  
Na-Rae Hwang ◽  
Seung-Hyuk Kwon ◽  
Yong-Ju Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study ◽  
Practical Measurement

scholarly journals Variable Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery from Its Origin to the Edge of the Sylvian Fissure: A Direct Fresh Brain Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Eve M. Oo ◽  
Khin E. E. Saw ◽  
Hnin N. Oo ◽  
Thida Than ◽  
Khin Thida
Keyword(s):  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study ◽  
Selection Of

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a major artery supplying blood to the brain and a common site of surgically treatable intracranial aneurysms. The MCA has anatomic variations that may have clinical significance. In order to investigate and document the extent of such variations, the MCA in 100 fresh brain hemispheres from 50 deceased patients, obtained from the Police Surgeon Office, Yangon General Hospital, Myanmar, was dissected and examined. Double MCA was observed in 2% of specimens. The termination patterns were bifurcation (72%), trifurcation (16%), and primary trunk (12%); early bifurcation was also observed (3%). The mean length of the main trunk (MT) was 20.6 ± 6.2 mm. The number of perforators ranged from 4 to 15 (mean = 9); most arose from the MT (96%), and the others originated at the bifurcation point (3%) and in postbifurcation divisions (1%). All of the perforators (100%) had a single branching pattern. The number of cortical branches ranged from 6 to 13 and included the orbitofrontal (98%), prefrontal (99%), precentral (95%), central (98%), temporopolar (87%), anterior temporal (89%), middle temporal (24%), posterior temporal (62%), temporo-occipital (69%), anterior parietal (88%), angular (83%), and posterior parietal (57%) arteries. Early cortical branches emerged from the MT in 52% of specimens. These data can help anatomists, radiologists, and neurosurgeons in preoperative assessment, surgical planning, and selection of surgical approach.

scholarly journals The neuroscience of groove: neural mechanisms marrying music and movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Nespoli
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Neural Entrainment ◽  
Foot Tapping ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Movement Synchronization ◽  
Premotor Areas ◽  
Brain Study

Music has a long history of being associated with movement synchronization such as foot-tapping or dance. These behaviours are easier with some music compared to others, and the reasons for this are not well understood. Groove is a quality of music that compels synchronous movement in the listener, and certain acoustic and musical features have been identified that contribute to a sense of groove.Neurons have been found to entrain to the beat of music. Combining these two ideas, it is reasonable to predict that neural populations involved in movement (i.e. premotor areas) would entrain more to high-groove than to low-groove music. This dissertation explores some of the psychological, musical and acoustic aspects of music that contribute to neural entrainment in premotor areas of the brain. Study 1 investigates the effects of feelings of groove on pre-motor entrainment, using stimuli that have been rated on extent of groove in a previous study. Study 2 investigates the musical feature of syncopation – which has previously been found to be associated with sense of groove – on extent of premotor entrainment and behavioural synchronization ability. Study 3 investigates the effects of acoustic features that have been found to be related to groove and movement synchronization such as event density and percussiveness. The pattern of results across all studies suggests that the complexity of the rhythms in the stimulus determines the extent of beat entrainment. Feelings of groove, however, are better characterized by “beat complexity”, which depends on a) the extent to which the listener perceives the beat, and b) the extent to which other rhythmic elements of the music compete with the beat. A network of brain areas integral to the perception of groove is proposed, where activation of premotor areas enables music to drive motor output.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INEXPENSIVE AND IMPROVED PURPOSE-BUILT HIGH SNR BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL CAPTURE, RECORD, AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150004
Author(s):  
Tung-Tai Kuo ◽  
Rong-Chin Lo ◽  
Yuan-Hao Chen ◽  
Chung-Ling Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Record System ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Biomedical Signal ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study

It is very important for the brain study to design a multi-channel and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) bio-medical signal capture, record, and analysis system, which can effectively enhance accuracy and precision of the signal capture under dozens to hundreds of microvolts. Unfortunately, the system for data acquisition is very easily interfered by the environment, the power, and the bio-amplifier, so that the results will lead to a failed promotion of capturing high SNR signals, especially in the tiny brain wave signal. In this study, it has been designed an inexpensive, purpose-built, high SNR brainwave signals measurement system. The system is composed of an improved capture system, record system, and analysis system. To better consider the strength and characteristics of the tiny brainwave signals, the system was designed to include a suitable bio-amplifier to make each channel of the invasive microelectrode able to collect the brainwave signals correctly and it provides recording and analysis software, which can not only extract the characteristics of brainwave signals, but also quickly classify signals. The system can collect biological signals from 10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V to 420[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V and has a high SNR[Formula: see text]30. The proposed system is easy to make and can be fabricated for the relatively low cost of only US$203. The brain wave signals from the three actions can also be easily classified, with a correct rate up to 46.70%. The system has six improvements: good SNR, the ability to capture small signals, modularity, a low price, easy fabrication, and simple operation.

scholarly journals Cribriform pattern in brain MRI: A diagnostic clue for mucopolysaccharidoses

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
Shamick Biswas ◽  
Sumit Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mri ◽  
Chain Complex ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolase ◽  
Diagnostic Clue ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Storage Disorders

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) represents a heterogeneous group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders characterised by defective degradation of long-chain complex carbohydrates called glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, 11 distinct types of MPS have been described, each as a result of deficient enzymatic activity of specific lysosomal hydrolase. The most common types are Hurler and Hunter syndromes. We report a case of a child presenting with macrocephaly, clinically suspected to be due to hydrocephalus. An MRI (3 Tesla) brain study demonstrated the cribriform pattern in the brain caused by dilated perivascular spaces, which is a diagnostic clue for the presence of MPS.

scholarly journals The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Panneton ◽  
Qi Gan ◽  
Rajko Juric
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Diving Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Diving Response ◽  
Hemodynamic Variables ◽  
Autonomic Reflex ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study ◽  
Stimulation Of

Underwater submersion in mammals induces apnea, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia, and sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction. These effects are collectively termed the diving response, potentially the most powerful autonomic reflex known. Although these physiological responses are directed by neurons in the brain, study of neural control of the diving response has been hampered since 1) it is difficult to study the brains of animals while they are underwater, 2) feral marine mammals are usually large and have brains of variable size, and 3) there are but few references on the brains of naturally diving species. Similar responses are elicited in anesthetized rodents after stimulation of their nasal mucosa, but this nasopharyngeal reflex has not been compared directly with natural diving behavior in the rat. In the present study, we compared hemodynamic responses elicited in awake rats during volitional underwater submersion with those of rats swimming on the water's surface, rats involuntarily submerged, and rats either anesthetized or decerebrate and stimulated nasally with ammonia vapors. We show that the hemodynamic changes to voluntary diving in the rat are similar to those of naturally diving marine mammals. We also show that the responses of voluntary diving rats are 1) significantly different from those seen during swimming, 2) generally similar to those elicited in trained rats involuntarily “dunked” underwater, and 3) generally different from those seen from dunking naive rats underwater. Nasal stimulation of anesthetized rats differed most from the hemodynamic variables of rats trained to dive voluntarily. We propose that the rat trained to dive underwater is an excellent laboratory model to study neural control of the mammalian diving response, and also suggest that some investigations may be done with nasal stimulation of decerebrate preparations to decipher such control.

scholarly journals The Missing Link in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Design of the Heart-Brain Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid M. Hooghiemstra ◽  
Anne Suzanne Bertens ◽  
Anna E. Leeuwis ◽  
Esther E. Bron ◽  
Michiel L. Bots ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Hemodynamic Status ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study

Background: Hemodynamic balance in the heart-brain axis is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in maintaining functional and structural integrity of the brain and thereby cognitive functioning. Patients with heart failure (HF), carotid occlusive disease (COD), and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) present themselves with complaints attributed to specific parts of the heart-brain axis, but hemodynamic changes often go beyond the part of the axis for which they primarily seek medical advice. The Heart-Brain Study hypothesizes that the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain is an important but underestimated cause of VCI. We investigate this by studying to what extent hemodynamic changes contribute to VCI and what the mechanisms involved are. Here, we provide an overview of the design and protocol. Methods: The Heart-Brain Study is a multicenter cohort study with a follow-up measurement after 2 years among 645 participants (175 VCI, 175 COD, 175 HF, and 120 controls). Enrollment criteria are the following: 1 of the 3 diseases diagnosed according to current guidelines, age ≥50 years, no magnetic resonance contraindications, ability to undergo cognitive testing, and independence in daily life. A core clinical dataset is collected including sociodemographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, detailed neurologic, cardiac, and medical history, medication, and a physical examination. In addition, we perform standardized neuropsychological testing, cardiac, vascular and brain MRI, and blood sampling. In subsets of participants we assess Alz­heimer biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, and assess echocardiography and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. Follow-up measurements after 2 years include neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and blood samples for all participants. We use centralized state-of-the-art storage platforms for clinical and imaging data. Imaging data are processed centrally with automated standardized pipelines. Results and Conclusions: The Heart-Brain Study investigates relationships between (cardio-)vascular factors, the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain, and cognitive impairment. By studying the complete heart-brain axis in patient groups that represent components of this axis, we have the opportunity to assess a combination of clinical and subclinical manifestations of disorders of the heart, vascular system and brain, with hemodynamic status as a possible binding factor.

scholarly journals Is Focal Cortical Dysplasia/Epilepsy Caused by Somatic MTOR Mutations Always a Unilateral Disorder?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e540
Author(s):  
Renzo Guerrini ◽  
Mara Cavallin ◽  
Tommaso Pippucci ◽  
Anna Rosati ◽  
Francesca Bisulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Contralateral Hemisphere ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Intractable Seizures ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Time Of Origin ◽  
Brain Study

ObjectiveTo alert about the wide margin of unpredictability that distribution of somatic MTOR mosaicism may have in the brain and the risk for independent epileptogenesis arising from the seemingly healthy contralateral hemisphere after complete removal of epileptogenic focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).MethodsClinical, EEG, MRI, histopathology, and molecular genetics in 2 patients (1 and 2) treated with focal resections and subsequent complete hemispherectomy for epileptogenic FCD due to somatic MTOR mutations. Autoptic brain study of bilateral asymmetric hemispheric dysplasia and identification of alternative allele fraction (AAF) rates for AKT1 (patient 3).ResultsThe strongly hyperactivating p.Ser2215Phe (patient 1) and p.Leu1460Pro (patient 2) MTOR mutations were at low-level AAF in the dysplastic tissue. After repeated resections and eventual complete hemispherectomy, both patients manifested intractable seizures arising from the contralateral, seemingly healthy hemisphere. In patient 3, the p.Glu17Lys AKT1 mutation exhibited random distribution and AAF rates in different tissues with double levels in the more severely dysplastic cerebral hemisphere.ConclusionsOur understanding of the distribution of somatic mutations in the brain in relation to the type of malformation and its hypothesized time of origin may be faulty. Large studies may reveal that the risk of a first surgery being disappointing might be related more to the specific somatic mammalian target of rapamycin mutation identified than to completeness of resection and that the advantages of repeated resections after a first unsuccessful operation should be weighed against the risk of the contralateral hemisphere becoming in turn epileptogenic.

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