scholarly journals Education and Reducing Income Inequalities – The Importance of Education in Maritime Studies

Pomorstvo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
Nada Karaman Aksentijević ◽  
Zoran Ježić
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maritime Education ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Unit Reduction

Contemporary studies of economic inequality and poverty emphasise that their key causes are in the area of tax policy, labour force policy, and employment, and the causes that are being pointed out lately are education and educational attainment level of the population. The aim of the paper is to confirm the theoretically defined link between education and income inequality reduction and to point out that economic policy makers cannot solve the problem of inequality in society without a significant influence on public education, primarily through increased availability and quality of public education. In the second part of the paper, the Gini coefficient, the education index, and the coefficient of human inequality are used on the example of 130 countries to establish a correlation between education and income inequality reduction. The model shows a strong link between income inequality reduction (measured by the Gini coefficient) and increase in the educational attainment level of the population, increase in income, but also improvement of the health care system. It was found that, for each unit reduction of the coefficient of human inequality (IHDI), the Gini coefficient decreases by 9.7 points. In addition to research limitations and the proposal of future research, the conclusion proposes the opportunities and measures for increasing the educational attainment level of the population in order to reduce income inequality. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of tertiary maritime education.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Noncash Food Assistance Program in Central Java Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Munandar
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Assistance ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Central Java Province

One measure of income inequality that is often used is the Gini Coefficient. In Central Java Province, the income inequality in March 2019 was increasing compared to income inequality in September 2018. To reduce this income inequality, the government is focusing on increasing government spending in the field of social assistance, including Non-Cash Food Assistance (Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai/BPNT). Thus, this study aims to calculate and obtain a reduction in the Gini Coefficient as a result of the implementation of the BPNT program in the Central Java Province of Indonesia. This study uses the Counter Factual Analysis (CFA) method and the March 2019 Susenas data. This study concludes that the implementation of the BPNT program in 2019 is quite effective in reducing the level of income inequality in the Central Java Province of Indonesia, which is able to reduce the Gini Coefficient of Central Java Province by -1.20%. The implementation of the BPNT program was able to make the expenditure of the lower class population increase faster than the expenditure of upper and middle class population. The implementation of the BPNT program changes the map of the income inequality level of 35 districts/cities in the Central Java Province of Indonesia but does not change the map of the level of income inequality between urban and rural areas in the Central Java Province of Indonesia. In addition, the implementation of the BPNT program in the Central Java Province of Indonesia has not been able to change the category of income inequality in the Central Java Province of Indonesia, namely that it remains in the moderate category. This study recommends improvements in terms of the target recipients of BPNT, the quality of the human resources of the companions, the time for receiving assistance, the quality of rice, and the readiness of e-warong in 35 districts/cities in the Province of Central Java, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Financialization and Income Inequality in Selected European Countries, 2004–2013

e-Finanse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Golebiowski ◽  
Piotr Szczepankowski ◽  
Dorota Wisniewska
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Value Added ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The article examines the impact of financialization on income inequality between 2004 and 2013, through a panel analysis of seven European countries. Moreover, it attempts to examine differences in the perception of the phenomenon between the selected European countries belonging to the G-7 and countries from Central and Eastern Europe. The results demonstrate the existence of individual effects, which means that the level of inequality under examination is influenced predominantly by country-specific factors. The most significant correlation is noticeable between the level of unemployment and the degree of income inequality. An increase in unemployment is accompanied by a rise in the disproportions in the level of income that individual citizens have at their disposal whereas a decrease in the unemployment level contributes to an improvement of the GINI coefficient. Simultaneously, the results confirm the existence of significant correlations between the level of the GINI coefficient and such financialization indicators as the share of employment in finance in total employment and the contribution of the financial sector to total value added creation. The most prominent dependency was discovered when a constructed synthetic indicator was adopted as an indicator of financialization. At the same time, analysis of the synthetic country financialization indicator points to a conclusion that the level of financialization is higher in European countries belonging to the G-7 (especially Great Britain) than in countries from Central and Eastern Europe.

The Problem of Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Living standards change in line with GDP per head only if the distribution of incomes is unchanged. If incomes become less equally distributed the living standards of most people will fall even if GDP per head is stable. The Gini Coefficient is the most widely used indicator designed to measure the distribution of income. UK inequality, on this measure, has risen since 1977, stabilized since 1987, and fallen in recent years. In the US there has been a long-term increase in income inequality. Unless this US trend for increased income inequality halts, it is quite likely that even if GDP per head rises in the US, the living standard of the average voter will fall. The recent data suggest that changes in income inequality pose less of a threat to living standards in the UK then they do to those in the US.

scholarly journals Thresholds of income inequality that mitigate the role of gender inclusive education in promoting gender economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simplice Asongu ◽  
Nicholas Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Sub Saharan

Purpose This study aims to provide the thresholds of inequality that should not be exceeded if gender inclusive education is to enhance gender inclusive formal economic participation in sub-Saharan Africa. Design/methodology/approach The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments and data from 42 countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The following findings are established. First, inclusive tertiary education unconditionally promotes gender economic inclusion, while the interaction between tertiary education and inequality is unfavourable to gender economic inclusion. Second, a Gini coefficient that nullifies the positive incidence of inclusive tertiary education on female labour force participation is 0.562. Second, the Gini coefficient and Palma ratio that crowd-out the negative unconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education on female unemployment are 0.547 and 6.118, respectively. Third, a 0.578 Gini coefficient, a 0.680 Atkinson index and a 6.557 Palma ratio are critical masses that wipe out the positive unconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education on female employment. The findings associated with lower levels of education are not significant. Practical implications As the main policy implication, income inequality should not be tolerated above the established thresholds for gender inclusive education to promote gender inclusive formal economic participation. Other implications are discussed in the light of sustainable development goals. Originality/value This study complements the existing literature by providing inequality thresholds that should not be exceeded for gender inclusive education to promote the involvement of women in the formal economic sector.

THE GINI COEFFICIENT'S APPLICATION TO GENERAL COMPLEX NETWORKS

2005 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAI-BO HU ◽  
LIN WANG
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Scale Free Networks ◽  
General Complex

The Gini coefficient, which was originally used in microeconomics to describe income inequality, is introduced into the research of general complex networks as a metric on the heterogeneity of network structure. Some parameters such as degree exponent and degree-rank exponent were already defined in the case of scale-free networks also as a metric on the heterogeneity. In scale-free networks, the Gini coefficient is proved to be equivalent to the parameters mentioned above, and moreover, a classification of infinite scale-free networks is given according to the value of the Gini coefficient.

scholarly journals Energy transition and social justice: Do renewable energy levies have an impact on income distribution and energy poverty?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Priesmann ◽  
Saskia Spiegelburg ◽  
Reinhard Madlener ◽  
Aaron Praktiknjo
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Ex Post

Abstract Energy systems are decidedly the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. Therefore, transitioning them from fossil to renewable systems is a top priority for societies committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, such transitions involve substantial costs. In many cases, these costs are proportionally passed on to final energy consumers through levies on their electricity consumption. In our paper, we investigate the impacts of renewable support levies on social justice or, more specifically, on income inequality. For our study, we chose Germany where inflation-adjusted electricity prices for private households increased substantially because of such a levy for renewables. We base our analyses on representative household panel data with over 40,000 households from 2003 to 2018. Our results indicate that indiscriminate renewable support levies on electricity consumption increase income inequality and energy poverty. For our case in 2018, renewable support levies alone led to a relative increase of ~0.23% of the Gini coefficient and ~11.31% of the high cost low income (HCLI) energy poverty indicator measuring energy poverty intensity. Based on our findings, we propose a reform of the renewable support levy and analyze three options: (1) the abolition of the levy, (2) levies which are income-progressive proportionally to the income taxes, and (3) a high and flat levy in conjunction with an income-degressive compensation payment. Our ex-post analyses for 2018 indicate that a reformed levy system would have slightly decreased overall income inequality with relative decreases of ~0.23%, ~0.32%, and ~0.59% of the Gini coefficient for options (1), (2), and (3), respectively. But more importantly, such a system would have substantially decreased energy poverty by ~11.31%, ~30.45%, and ~31.45% for the HCLI energy poverty indicator for options (1), (2), and (3), respectively.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of the Association between Income Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311988128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Shih-Keng Yen ◽  
Sharron Xuanren Wang-Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Over Time

We provide an overview of associations between income inequality and intergenerational mobility in the United States, Canada, and eight European countries. We analyze whether this correlation is observed across and within countries over time. We investigate Great Gatsby curves and perform metaregression analyses based on several papers on this topic. Results suggest that countries with high levels of inequality tend to have lower levels of mobility. Intergenerational income elasticities have stronger associations with the Gini coefficient compared to associations with the top 1 percent income share. Once models are controlled for methodological variables, country indicators, and paper indicators, correlations of mobility with the Gini coefficient lose significance but not with the top 1 percent income share. This result is an indication that recent increases in inequality at the top of the distribution might be negatively affecting mobility on a greater magnitude compared to variations across the income distribution.

scholarly journals Wybrane koncepcje pomiaru nierówności dochodowych

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-32
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Przekota ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Transfer Principle ◽  
Specific Measurement ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Measurement Methodology ◽  
Empirical Material

Determining the level of income inequality requires the adoption of a specific measurement methodology. The aim of the study was to review and discuss the methodologies used to measure income inequality. Four measures are presented, each based on different assumptions. These measures were the Gini coefficient, Theil coefficient, Kukuła coefficient and unevenness coefficient. The first three measures, and in particular the Gini coefficient, are commonly described in the literature, while the unevenness coefficient is the author’s proposal for measuring income inequality. The empirical material for the research consists of data on the distribution of disposable income by decile groups in households in Poland for the years 2005–2017. The most important issue in practice regarding the measurement of income inequality was the transfer principle. Depending on the methodology adopted, the transfer of income is treated differently. The Gini, Theil and Kukula coefficients respond to any change in the income distribution, while the unevenness coefficient only to changes above the average. In a situation where the Gini coefficient (Theil and Kukula) decreases (increases), the level of inequality decreases (increases), but it is not known which transfers led to such a result. The decreasing (growing) unevenness coefficient means that these were transfers from groups with shares in income above (below) the average for groups with shares below (above) the average.

scholarly journals Getting to a feasible income equality

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249204
Author(s):  
Ji-Won Park ◽  
Chae Un Kim
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Income Equality ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Negative Impacts

Income inequality is known to have negative impacts on an economic system, thus has been debated for a hundred years past or more. Numerous ideas have been proposed to quantify income inequality, and the Gini coefficient is a prevalent index. However, the concept of perfect equality in the Gini coefficient is rather idealistic and cannot provide realistic guidance on whether government interventions are needed to adjust income inequality. In this paper, we first propose the concept of a more realistic and ‘feasible’ income equality that maximizes total social welfare. Then we show that an optimal income distribution representing the feasible equality could be modeled using the sigmoid welfare function and the Boltzmann income distribution. Finally, we carry out an empirical analysis of four countries and demonstrate how optimal income distributions could be evaluated. Our results show that the feasible income equality could be used as a practical guideline for government policies and interventions.

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