scholarly journals Lying, Fast and Slow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turri
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Opposing View ◽  
Objective Truth ◽  
Truth Value

Researchers have debated whether there is a relationship between a statement’s truth-value and whether it counts as a lie. One view is that a statement being objectively false is essential to whether it counts as a lie; the opposing view is that a statement’s objective truth-value is inessential to whether it counts as a lie. We report five behavioral experiments that use a novel range of behavioral measures to address this issue. In each case, we found evidence of a relationship. A statement’s truth-value affects how quickly people judge whether it is a lie. When people consider the matter carefully and are told that they might need to justify their answer, they are more likely to categorize a statement as a lie when it is false than when it is true. When given options that inhibit perspective-taking, people tend to not categorize deceptively motivated statements as lies when they are true, even though they still categorize them as lies when they are false. Categorizing a speaker as “lying” leads people to strongly infer that the speaker’s statement is false. People are more likely to spontaneously categorize a statement as a lie when it is false than when it is true. We discuss four different interpretations of relevant findings to date. At present, the best supported interpretation might be that the ordinary lying concept is a prototype concept, with falsity being a centrally important element of the prototypical lie.

How Art Works

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Winner
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Objective Truth ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Art Works ◽  
Truth Value

This book is an examination of what psychologists have discovered about how art works—what it does to us, how we experience art, how we react to it emotionally, how we judge it, and what we learn from it. The questions investigate include the following: What makes us call something art? Do we experience “real” emotions from the arts? Do aesthetic judgments have any objective truth value? Does learning to play music raise a child’s IQ? Is modern art something my kid could do? Is achieving greatness in an art form just a matter of hard work? Philosophers have grappled with these questions for centuries, and laypeople have often puzzled about them too and offered their own views. But now psychologists have begun to explore these questions empirically, and have made many fascinating discoveries using the methods of social science (interviews, experimentation, data collection, statistical analysis).

scholarly journals Precise quantification of behavioral individuality from 80 million decisions across 183,000 flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L de Bivort ◽  
Seaan M Buchanan ◽  
Kyobi J Skutt-Kakaria ◽  
Erika Gajda ◽  
Chelsea J O'Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Precise Quantification ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
High Throughput Experiments ◽  
The Relationship

Individual animals behave differently from each other. This variability is a component of personality and arises even when genetics and environment are held constant. Discovering the biological mechanisms underlying behavioral variability depends on efficiently measuring individual behavioral bias, a requirement that is facilitated by automated, high-throughput experiments. We compiled a large data set of individual locomotor behavior measures, acquired from over 183,000 fruit flies walking in Y-shaped mazes. With this data set we first conducted a "computational ethology natural history" study to quantify the distribution of individual behavioral biases with unprecedented precision and examine correlations between behavioral measures with high power. We discovered a slight, but highly significant, left-bias in spontaneous locomotor decision-making. We then used the data to evaluate standing hypotheses about biological mechanisms affecting behavioral variability, specifically: the neuromodulator serotonin and its precursor transporter, heterogametic sex, and temperature. We found a variety of significant effects associated with each of these mechanisms that were behavior-dependent. This indicates that the relationship between biological mechanisms and behavioral variability may be highly context dependent. Going forward, automation of behavioral experiments will likely be essential in teasing out the complex causality of individuality.

Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning Experiences on Social Development

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Interpersonal Attraction ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Instructional Units ◽  
Individualistic Learning ◽  
Time Periods

A comparison was made of the effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning experiences on relationships between handicapped and nonhandicapped students and their self-esteem and perspective-taking ability. Fifty-nine students were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for handicap, ability, and sex. Students participated in two instructional units for 60 minutes a day for 15 instructional days. Behavioral measures were taken for cross-handicap interaction during instruction and during daily free-time periods. The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences, compared with competitive and individualistic ones, promote more interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students and promote higher self-esteem on the part of all students. Cooperation promoted greater perspective-taking ability than did competition.

scholarly journals Moment-by-moment tracking of naturalistic learning and its underlying hippocampo-cortical interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Michelmann ◽  
Amy R. Price ◽  
Bobbi Aubrey ◽  
Werner K. Doyle ◽  
Daniel Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Event Segmentation ◽  
Neural Data ◽  
Story Listening ◽  
High Frequency Activity

AbstractEvery day our memory system achieves a remarkable feat: We form lasting memories of stimuli that were only encountered once. Here we investigate such learning as it naturally occurs during story listening, with the goal of uncovering when and how memories are stored and retrieved during processing of continuous, naturalistic stimuli. In behavioral experiments we confirm that, after a single exposure to a naturalistic story, participants can learn about its structure and are able to recall upcoming words in the story. In patients undergoing electrocorticographic recordings, we then track mnemonic information in high frequency activity (70 – 200Hz) as patients listen to a story twice. In auditory processing regions we demonstrate the rapid reinstatement of upcoming information after a single exposure; this neural measure of predictive recall correlates with behavioral measures of event segmentation and learning. Connectivity analyses on the neural data reveal information-flow from cortex to hippocampus at the end of events. On the second time of listening information-flow from hippocampus to cortex precedes moments of successful reinstatement.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study of Perspective Taking and Emotional Contagion in Mental Health Professionals: Glass Brain View of Empathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762097338
Author(s):  
Rajakumari P. Reddy ◽  
Anna R. Mathulla ◽  
Jamuna Rajeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Mind Task

Background: Empathy plays a fundamental role in the context of psychotherapy. Mental health professionals (MHP) are required to express empathy on a daily basis. “Perspective taking” (cognitive empathy) and “emotional contagion” (affective empathy) are elements of empathy that are both innate and acquired. This study aimed to explore the underlying neural correlates of empathy using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Method: A total of six healthy subjects from MHP and other professionals (OP) were recruited in a single-assessment study design. Subjects were screened using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Standard Progressive Matrices. Behavioral measures such as cognitive and affective empathy, interpersonal reactivity, and emotional and social quotient were assessed. Perspective taking was examined with the fMRI face recognition task and the reading mind through eyes task. Emotional contagion was examined by the negative, positive, and pain emotions task. The fMRI was conducted in a 3T Siemens Magnetom Skyra scanner, using a block design paradigm. Results: Activation was noted in the following areas: cingulate and thalamus for positive and negative emotions, precuneus for negative emotion and pain, inferior parietal lobe for reading mind task and negative emotion, declive for reading mind and pain, and precuneus and frontal gyrus for reading mind task and facial recognition. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between MHP and OP groups on the behavioral measures. However, there were variations in cerebral and cerebellar activation in the functional imaging parameters.

Rethinking the Rhetorical Epistemics of Gaslighting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint G Graves ◽  
Leland G Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Rape Culture ◽  
Objective Truth ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Epistemic Rhetoric ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Dysfunctional Communication ◽  
Knowledge Claims

Abstract Gaslighting is defined as a dysfunctional communication dynamic in which one interlocutor attempts to destabilize another’s sense of reality. In this article, we advance a model of gaslighting based in an epistemic rhetoric perspective. Our model directs attention to the rhetorics used to justify competing knowledge claims, as opposed to philosophical models that tend to rely on objective truth-value. We probe the discursive manifestations of gaslighting in logocentric, ethotic, or pathemic terms. We then apply our model to explain sexist and racist gaslighting that derives power from normatively instantiated discourses of rape culture and White supremacy. Specifically, our analysis identifies the appeal structures used to legitimate such gaslighting in response to disclosures of sexual violence and testimony about racial injustice.

scholarly journals Moment-by-moment tracking of naturalistic learning and its underlying hippocampo-cortical interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Michelmann ◽  
Amy R. Price ◽  
Bobbi Aubrey ◽  
Camilla K. Strauss ◽  
Werner K. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Story Listening ◽  
High Frequency Activity ◽  
Time Information ◽  
Learning Event

AbstractHumans form lasting memories of stimuli that were only encountered once. This naturally occurs when listening to a story, however it remains unclear how and when memories are stored and retrieved during story-listening. Here, we first confirm in behavioral experiments that participants can learn about the structure of a story after a single exposure and are able to recall upcoming words when the story is presented again. We then track mnemonic information in high frequency activity (70–200 Hz) as patients undergoing electrocorticographic recordings listen twice to the same story. We demonstrate predictive recall of upcoming information through neural responses in auditory processing regions. This neural measure correlates with behavioral measures of event segmentation and learning. Event boundaries are linked to information flow from cortex to hippocampus. When listening for a second time, information flow from hippocampus to cortex precedes moments of predictive recall. These results provide insight on a fine-grained temporal scale into how episodic memory encoding and retrieval work under naturalistic conditions.

scholarly journals Fluidity of gender identity induced by illusory body-sex change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tacikowski ◽  
J. Fust ◽  
H. H. Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Inner Sense ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Feminine Body ◽  
Subjective Reports

AbstractGender identity is the inner sense of being male, female, both, or neither. How this sense is linked to the perception of one’s own masculine or feminine body remains unclear. Here, in a series of three behavioral experiments conducted on a large group of healthy volunteers (N=140), we show that a perceptual illusion of having the opposite-sex body was associated with a shift toward more balanced identification with both genders and less gender-stereotypical beliefs about one’s own personality characteristics, as indicated by subjective reports and implicit behavioral measures. These findings demonstrate that the ongoing perception of one’s own body affects the sense of one’s own gender in a dynamic, robust, and automatic manner.

The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Lamm ◽  
C. Daniel Batson ◽  
Jean Decety
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
The Right

Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient (“imagine other”) or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation (“imagine self”). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior.

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