scholarly journals Fluidity of gender identity induced by illusory body-sex change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tacikowski ◽  
J. Fust ◽  
H. H. Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Inner Sense ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Feminine Body ◽  
Subjective Reports

AbstractGender identity is the inner sense of being male, female, both, or neither. How this sense is linked to the perception of one’s own masculine or feminine body remains unclear. Here, in a series of three behavioral experiments conducted on a large group of healthy volunteers (N=140), we show that a perceptual illusion of having the opposite-sex body was associated with a shift toward more balanced identification with both genders and less gender-stereotypical beliefs about one’s own personality characteristics, as indicated by subjective reports and implicit behavioral measures. These findings demonstrate that the ongoing perception of one’s own body affects the sense of one’s own gender in a dynamic, robust, and automatic manner.

Gender identity in autism and neurodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Ekblad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Behavioral Preferences ◽  
Opposite Sex

Gender identities that differ from biological sex (non-cisgender identities) appear to be more common in autism and neurodiversity. The study found that part of the non-cisgender identities could be related to having behavioral preferences of the opposite sex, but this failed to explain the higher prevalence in neurodiversity. Non-cisgender identities in neurodiversity could better be explained by having neurodiverse relationship preferences or lacking typical relationship preferences. Being part of the LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bi Transgender) community biased answers to questions about gender identity. Neurodiverse non-cisgender people, just like neurodiverse asexual people, might be better off with new communities that focus on the more relevant relationship preference differences rather than on narrow and indirect gender and sexual issues.

scholarly journals Precise quantification of behavioral individuality from 80 million decisions across 183,000 flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L de Bivort ◽  
Seaan M Buchanan ◽  
Kyobi J Skutt-Kakaria ◽  
Erika Gajda ◽  
Chelsea J O'Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Precise Quantification ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
High Throughput Experiments ◽  
The Relationship

Individual animals behave differently from each other. This variability is a component of personality and arises even when genetics and environment are held constant. Discovering the biological mechanisms underlying behavioral variability depends on efficiently measuring individual behavioral bias, a requirement that is facilitated by automated, high-throughput experiments. We compiled a large data set of individual locomotor behavior measures, acquired from over 183,000 fruit flies walking in Y-shaped mazes. With this data set we first conducted a "computational ethology natural history" study to quantify the distribution of individual behavioral biases with unprecedented precision and examine correlations between behavioral measures with high power. We discovered a slight, but highly significant, left-bias in spontaneous locomotor decision-making. We then used the data to evaluate standing hypotheses about biological mechanisms affecting behavioral variability, specifically: the neuromodulator serotonin and its precursor transporter, heterogametic sex, and temperature. We found a variety of significant effects associated with each of these mechanisms that were behavior-dependent. This indicates that the relationship between biological mechanisms and behavioral variability may be highly context dependent. Going forward, automation of behavioral experiments will likely be essential in teasing out the complex causality of individuality.

Use of Animal and opposite Drawings in Assessment of Gender Identity of Young Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-993
Author(s):  
Michael Fleming ◽  
Deborah Cohen ◽  
Patricia Salt
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Drawing Technique

The results of an analysis of responses to the Animal and Opposite Drawing Technique are presented for 134 male and female college students matched on age and education. The majority of both men and women drew same-sexed animals first, and just over half drew second animals which they identified as being of the opposite sex of their first drawings. Implications for the use of this technique to assess an individual's gender identity and other prominent concerns are discussed.

scholarly journals Transgender Identity Is Associated With Bullying Involvement Among Finnish Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Heino ◽  
Noora Ellonen ◽  
Riittakerttu Kaltiala
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Transgender Youth ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Being Bullied

BackgroundDuring adolescence, bullying often has a sexual content. Involvement in bullying as a bully, victim or both has been associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Transgender youth appear to face elevated rates of bullying in comparison to their mainstream peers. However, the involvement of transgender youth as perpetrators of bullying remains unclear in the recent literature.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare involvement in bullying between transgender and mainstream youth and among middle and late adolescents in a general population sample.MethodsOur study included 139,829 students in total, divided between a comprehensive school and an upper secondary education sample. Associations between gender identity and involvement in bullying were first studied using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics. Logistic regression was used to study multivariate associations. Gender identity was used as the independent variable, with cisgender as the reference category. Subjection to and perpetration of bullying were entered each in turn as the dependent variable. Demographic factors, family characteristics, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and involvement in bullying in the other role were added as confounding factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are given. The limit for statistical significance was set at p < 0.001.ResultsBoth experiences of being bullied and perpetrating bullying were more commonly reported by transgender youth than by cisgender youth. Among transgender youth, all involvement in bullying was more commonly reported by non-binary youth than those identifying with the opposite sex. Logistic regression revealed that non-binary identity was most strongly associated with involvement in bullying, followed by opposite sex identity and cisgender identity. Transgender identities were also more strongly associated with perpetration of bullying than subjection to bullying.ConclusionTransgender identity, especially non-binary identity, is associated with both being bullied and perpetrating bullying even when a range of variables including internal stress and involvement in bullying in the opposite role are taken into account. This suggests that bullying during adolescence may serve as a mechanism of maintaining heteronormativity.

Sex-Role Identity, Gender Identity, and Self-Schemata

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan K. Hungerford ◽  
Alexandria P. Sobolew-Shubin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Slide Presentation ◽  
Schematic Processing ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
And Gender

Forty females and 40 males were shown slides of masculine and feminine phrases controlled for social desirability, sex-linked content, syllable length, and negative semantic construction to evaluate schematic processing on the dimensions of masculinity and femininity. Their responses to the phrases were timed. The BSRI, PAQ, and SSRIQ administered subsequent to the slide presentation were used to categorize subjects into groups of masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated. Comparisons between the groups evaluated by the different scales indicated that the PAQ was the best predictor of schematic processing and that the SSRIQ and gender were not predictors of schematic processing. Correlations between the SSRIQ and the masculine and feminine scales of the BSRI and PAQ provided evidence partially supportive of Storms's (1979) theory that sex-role identity influences the development of same-sex-typed attributes but does not influence opposite-sex-typed attributes.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Motivation for Viewing Sexually Arousing Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Kobayashi ◽  
Koyo Nakamura ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Sexual Motivation ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Opposite Sex

AbstractSexual motivation strongly influences mate choice and dating behavior and can be triggered by merely viewing sexually arousing visual images, such as erotic pictures and movies. Previous studies suggested that men, more than women, tend to search for sexual cues that signal promiscuity in short-term mates. However, it remains to be tested whether sex differences in the motivation to view sexual cues can be observed by using robust and well-controlled behavioral measures. To this end, we employed a pay-per-view key-pressing task. Japanese self-identified heterosexual male and female participants viewed images of men, women, or couples with two levels of sexual arousal (sexual vs. less sexual). Participants could alter the viewing time of a presented image according to their willingness to keep viewing it. Male participants were the most eager to view sexually arousing images of the opposite sex, whereas female participants were more strongly motivated to view less sexual images of couples. Such sex differences may reflect differentiated reproductive strategies between men and women in terms of men’s motivation toward promiscuity and women’s motivation toward long-term relationships.

scholarly journals The Rule of Sex Change: An Evaluative Study in Light of the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Journal of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh Studies
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Sex Reassignment Surgery ◽  
Sex Reassignment ◽  
Inner Sense ◽  
Evaluative Study ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Medical Advances

Sex reassignment or sex change is a new and strange phenomenon unknown to our predecessors. Modern medical advances have facilitated the process and technological advances in communication have helped spread this phenomenon among Muslims of today. Muslim scholars rose to the occasion and clarified the legitimate Islamic Fiqh position towards sex reassignment. However, some of those affiliated with Fiqh and Sharī’ah followed a course other than that of the majority credible and authoritative Muslim jurists in the Islamic world. Thus this paper aims to contribute to the correct legal position towards sex reassignment surgery by highlighting the proofs and arguments of the majority of the jurists (Fuqahā), which are based on the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah according to the understanding of the credible authoritative scholars of past and present, and also on the sound logical evidences and the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah. This paper only deals with sex reassignment motivated by the inner-sense of belonging to the opposite sex and does not cover sex reassignment done based on other reasons be it valid or invalid.

scholarly journals Moment-by-moment tracking of naturalistic learning and its underlying hippocampo-cortical interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Michelmann ◽  
Amy R. Price ◽  
Bobbi Aubrey ◽  
Werner K. Doyle ◽  
Daniel Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Event Segmentation ◽  
Neural Data ◽  
Story Listening ◽  
High Frequency Activity

AbstractEvery day our memory system achieves a remarkable feat: We form lasting memories of stimuli that were only encountered once. Here we investigate such learning as it naturally occurs during story listening, with the goal of uncovering when and how memories are stored and retrieved during processing of continuous, naturalistic stimuli. In behavioral experiments we confirm that, after a single exposure to a naturalistic story, participants can learn about its structure and are able to recall upcoming words in the story. In patients undergoing electrocorticographic recordings, we then track mnemonic information in high frequency activity (70 – 200Hz) as patients listen to a story twice. In auditory processing regions we demonstrate the rapid reinstatement of upcoming information after a single exposure; this neural measure of predictive recall correlates with behavioral measures of event segmentation and learning. Connectivity analyses on the neural data reveal information-flow from cortex to hippocampus at the end of events. On the second time of listening information-flow from hippocampus to cortex precedes moments of successful reinstatement.

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