scholarly journals Symmetry in emotional and visual similarity between neutral and negative faces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Riberto ◽  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Gorana Pobric
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Asymmetric Effect ◽  
Physical Identity ◽  
Symmetric Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
Similarity Judgements ◽  
Jack The Ripper

Is Mr Hyde more similar to his alter ego Dr Jekyll, because of their physical identity, or to Jack the Ripper, because both evoke fear and loathing? The relative weight of emotional and visual dimensions in similarity judgements is still unclear. We expected an asymmetric effect of these dimensions on similarity perception, such that faces that express the same or similar feeling are judged as more similar than different emotional expressions of same person. We selected 10 male faces posing different expressions. Each male posed one neutral expression and one emotional expression (5 disgust, 5 fear). We paired these expressions, resulting in 190 pairs, which differed either in emotional expressions, physical identity, or both. Twenty healthy participants rated the similarity of paired faces on a 7-points scale. We report a symmetric effect of emotional expression and identity on similarity judgements, suggesting that people may perceive Mr Hyde to be just as similar to Dr Jekyll (identity) as to Jack the Ripper (emotion). We also observed that emotional mismatch decreased perceived similarity, suggesting that emotions play a prominent role in similarity judgements. From an evolutionary perspective, poor discrimination between emotional stimuli may not be advantageous to the individual.

scholarly journals Symmetry in Emotional and Visual Similarity between Neutral and Negative Faces

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2091
Author(s):  
Martina Riberto ◽  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Gorana Pobric
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Asymmetric Effect ◽  
Physical Identity ◽  
Symmetric Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
Similarity Judgements ◽  
Jack The Ripper

Is Mr. Hyde more similar to his alter ego Dr. Jekyll, because of their physical identity, or to Jack the Ripper, because both evoke fear and loathing? The relative weight of emotional and visual dimensions in similarity judgements is still unclear. We expected an asymmetric effect of these dimensions on similarity perception, such that faces that express the same or similar feeling are judged as more similar than different emotional expressions of same person. We selected 10 male faces with different expressions. Each face posed one neutral expression and one emotional expression (five disgust, five fear). We paired these expressions, resulting in 190 pairs, varying either in emotional expressions, physical identity, or both. Twenty healthy participants rated the similarity of paired faces on a 7-point scale. We report a symmetric effect of emotional expression and identity on similarity judgements, suggesting that people may perceive Mr. Hyde to be just as similar to Dr. Jekyll (identity) as to Jack the Ripper (emotion). We also observed that emotional mismatch decreased perceived similarity, suggesting that emotions play a prominent role in similarity judgements. From an evolutionary perspective, poor discrimination between emotional stimuli might endanger the individual.

What Is This Thing Called Love? Emotional Scenarios in Historical Perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Gergen ◽  
Kenneth J. Gergen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Simultaneous Loss ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Variations

Abstract From a social-constructionist standpoint, emotional expressions are constitu-ents of lived narratives, and gain their meaning from their position within these narratives. These special forms of narrative, termed emotional scenarios, are themselves lodged within a broader cultural and historical landscape. This article compares major features of romantic love scenarios as they have changed from 19th century romanticist culture, through 20th century modern-ism, and into the contemporary postmodern context. We identify major ways in which the individual participant in romantic scenarios may identify the self, gender variations in performance, the character of sequencing in the scenario, and the vocabulary of emotional expression as these have evolved over the past century. Such transformations allow enormous freedom of expression to the contemporary "romantic," but also result in simultaneous loss in both the sense of authenticity and security. (Social Psychology)

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

scholarly journals Typical emotional expression in children’s drawings of the human face

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Cannoni ◽  
Giuliana Pinto ◽  
Anna Silvia Bombi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Number Of Faces ◽  
Human Faces

AbstractThis study was aimed at verifying if children introduce emotional expressions in their drawings of human faces, and if a preferential expression exists; we also wanted to verify if children’s pictorial choices change with increasing age. To this end we examined the human figure drawings made by 160 boys and 160 girls, equally divided in 4 age groups: 6–7; 8–9; 10–11; 12–13 years; mean ages (SD in parentheses) were: 83,30 (6,54); 106,14 (7,16) 130,49 (8,26); 155,40 (6,66). Drawings were collected with the Draw-a-Man test instructions, i.e. without mentioning an emotional characterization. In the light of data from previous studies of emotion drawing on request, and the literature about preferred emotional expressions, we expected that an emotion would be portrayed even by the younger participants, and that the preferred emotion would be happiness. We also expected that with the improving ability to keep into account both mouth and eyes appearance, other expressions would be found besides the smiling face. Data were submitted to non-parametric tests to compare the frequencies of expressions (absolute and by age) and the frequencies of visual cues (absolute and by age and expressions). The results confirmed that only a small number of faces were expressionless, and that the most frequent emotion was happiness. However, with increasing age this representation gave way to a variety of basic emotions (sadness, fear, anger, surprise), whose representation may depend from the ability to modify the shapes of both eyes and mouth and changing communicative aims of the child.

The Integration of Emotional Expression and Experience: A Pragmatist Review of Recent Evidence From Brain Stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caruana Fausto
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Common View ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Stimulation Of

A common view in affective neuroscience considers emotions as a multifaceted phenomenon constituted by independent affective and motor components. Such dualistic connotation, obtained by rephrasing the classic Darwin and James’s theories of emotion, leads to the assumption that emotional expression is controlled by motor centers in the anterior cingulate, frontal operculum, and supplementary motor area, whereas emotional experience depends on interoceptive centers in the insula. Recent stimulation studies provide a different perspective. I will outline two sets of findings. First, affective experiences can be elicited also following the stimulation of motor centers. Second, emotional expressions can be elicited by stimulating interoceptive regions. Echoing the original pragmatist theories of emotion, I will make a case for the notion that emotional experience emerges from the integration of sensory and motor signals, encoded in the same functional network.

Dilemmas of Distrust: Conspiracy Beliefs, Elite Rhetoric, and Motivated Reasoning

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110345
Author(s):  
Scott Radnitz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
State Level ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
The Individual

Conspiracy theories are playing an increasingly prominent role worldwide in both political rhetoric and popular belief. Previous research has emphasized the individual-level factors behind conspiracy belief but paid less attention to the role of elite framing, while focusing mostly on domestic political contexts. This study assesses the relative weight of official conspiracy claims and motivated biases in producing conspiracy beliefs, in two countries where identities other than partisanship are salient: Georgia and Kazakhstan. I report the results of a survey experiment that depicts a possible conspiracy and varies the content of official claims and relevant contextual details. The results show that motivated reasoning stemming from state-level geopolitical identities is strongly associated with higher conspiracy belief, whereas official claims have little effect on people’s perceptions of conspiracy. Respondents who exhibit higher conspiracy ideation are more likely to perceive a conspiracy but do not weight motivated biases or official claims differently from people with lower conspiratorial predispositions. The findings indicate the importance of (geopolitical) identities in shaping conspiracy beliefs and highlight some of the constraints facing elites who seek to benefit from the use of conspiracy claims.

Does Emotional Expression Moderate Implicit Racial Bias? Examining Bias Following Smiling and Angry Primes

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-590
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Raissi ◽  
Jennifer R. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Racial Bias ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure

Given the pervasiveness of prejudice, researchers have become increasingly interested in examining racial bias at the intersection of race and other social and perceptual categories that have the potential to disrupt these negative attitudes. Across three studies, we examined whether the emotional expression of racial exemplars would moderate implicit racial bias. We found that racial bias on the Affect Misattribution Procedure only emerged in response to angry but not smiling Black male faces in comparison to White (Study 1) or White and Asian (Study 3) male faces with similar emotional expressions. Racial bias was also found toward Asian targets (Studies 2 and 3), but not only following angry primes. These findings suggest that negative stereotypes about Black men can create a contrast effect, making racial bias toward smiling faces less likely to be expressed in the presence of angry Black male faces.

scholarly journals Emotion and Gender Typicality Cue Sexual Orientation Differently in Women and Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 2547-2560
Author(s):  
R. Thora Bjornsdottir ◽  
Nicholas O. Rule
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Inversion ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Heterosexual individuals tend to look and act more typical for their gender compared to gay and lesbian individuals, and people use this information to infer sexual orientation. Consistent with stereotypes associating happy expressions with femininity, previous work found that gay men displayed more happiness than straight men—a difference that perceivers used, independent of gender typicality, to judge sexual orientation. Here, we extended this to judgments of women’s sexual orientation. Like the gender-inversion stereotypes applied to men, participants perceived women’s faces manipulated to look angry as more likely to be lesbians; however, emotional expressions largely did not distinguish the faces of actual lesbian and straight women. Compared to men’s faces, women’s faces varied less in their emotional expression (appearing invariably positive) but varied more in gender typicality. These differences align with gender role expectations requiring the expression of positive emotion by women and prohibiting the expression of femininity by men. More important, greater variance within gender typicality and emotion facilitates their respective utility for distinguishing sexual orientation from facial appearance. These findings thus provide the first evidence for contrasting cues to women’s and men’s sexual orientation and suggest that gender norms may uniquely shape how men and women reveal their sexual orientation.

scholarly journals Identifying Emotional Expressions: Children’s Reasoning About Pretend Emotions of Sadness and Anger

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Serrat ◽  
Anna Amadó ◽  
Carles Rostan ◽  
Beatriz Caparrós ◽  
Francesc Sidera
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Final Sample

This study aims to further understand children’s capacity to identify and reason about pretend emotions by analyzing which sources of information they take into account when interpreting emotions simulated in pretend play contexts. A total of 79 children aged 3 to 8 participated in the final sample of the study. They were divided into the young group (ages 3 to 5) and the older group (6 to 8). The children were administered a facial emotion recognition task, a pretend emotions task, and a non-verbal cognitive ability test. In the pretend emotions task, the children were asked whether the protagonist of silent videos, who was displaying pretend emotions (pretend anger and pretend sadness), was displaying a real or a pretend emotion, and to justify their answer. The results show significant differences in the children’s capacity to identify and justify pretend emotions according to age and type of emotion. The data suggest that young children recognize pretend sadness, but have more difficulty detecting pretend anger. In addition, children seem to find facial information more useful for the detection of pretend sadness than pretend anger, and they more often interpret the emotional expression of the characters in terms of pretend play. The present research presents new data about the recognition of negative emotional expressions of sadness and anger and the type of information children take into account to justify their interpretation of pretend emotions, which consists not only in emotional expression but also contextual information.

scholarly journals EVENT-SPECIFIC EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION OF PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA IN LONG-TERM CARE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S420-S420
Author(s):  
Kyung Hee Lee ◽  
Ji Yeon Lee ◽  
Bora Kim ◽  
Marie Boltz
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Meal Time

Abstract Although dementia-related language, comprehension, and memory deficits occur fairly early stage in dementia, persons with dementia retain the ability to express their emotion even in the late stage of disease. However, health care providers do not know how to interpret emotional expressions that could be utilized as important signals of underlying needs and care preferences in persons with dementia. The purpose of this study was to explore the event-specific emotional expressions of persons with dementia in long-term care over a 6-month period. This was a longitudinal study using repeated observations. Emotional expressions were videotaped when three specific events (personal care, meal time, and activity) occurred at baseline, month 3 and month 6. A total of nine observations was made for each participant. We enrolled 13 participants so far; ten participants were completed 6 month follow up. The mean score of MMSE at baseline was 4.38; that of ADL was 16.62. On average, persons with dementia showed 9.93 episodes of positive emotional expression (PEE) per minute and 1.81 episodes of negative emotional expression (NEE) per minute. We found between person variations for both PEE and NEE. PEE and NEE were different by three types of events. Specifically, persons with dementia showed more PEE with activity than personal care and meal time and more NEE with personal care than the other two events. This study will provide better understanding of event-specific emotional expressions, and inform the development of emotion-oriented interventions programs to improve the psychological well-being of persons with dementia.

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