scholarly journals Sauter & Russell Handbook of Emotion Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Disa Sauter ◽  
James A Russell
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Nonverbal Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Clear Cases

What is a nonverbal expression of emotion? Both the notion of expression and the notion of emotion are contentious in the literature. Everyone knows the clear cases – smiles, frowns, screams, chuckles, slumps, and so on – but the category as a whole is not well defined. Writers from different theoretical backgrounds have criticized the implicit assumptions inherent in this phrase (Ekman, 1971; Hinde, 1985; Parkinson, 2005; Zajonc, 1985). Are the referenced behaviors in fact expressing something, and is this something an emotion? Not all scientific accounts are consistent with the implication that certain nonverbal behaviors express an emotion.However, for simplicity of reference we will continue to use the phrase “nonverbal expression.” But we do so in an inverted-commas sense only, namely, to refer to those nonverbal behaviors that are commonly taken to express emotions. We acknowledge that the category is vague, and we remain agnostic on whether what is expressed is truly an emotion, or, indeed, whether “express” is what such behaviors do.We are similarly agnostic on the definition of emotion, and we do not use that word here in any technical sense. Instead, our focus in this chapter is on short-term emotion episodes, which we take to be multi-componential events of limited duration commonly taken to be an emotion. Components include but are not limited to appraisals, physiological changes, subjective experiences, nonverbal expressions, and instrumental behaviors.We now turn to summarizing how the basic emotion, appraisal, and psychological constructionist research programs account for the production and perception of nonverbal expressions. (See chapters in this volume by Shiota, Ellsworth, and Barrett, respectively, for more general discussions of each research program and for fuller sets of references.) Although each program is commonly called a theory, they are instead broad research programs: each includes a family of loosely related (indeed sometimes conflicting) theories and assumptions, an interpretation of the history of the field, various background assumptions about human nature, prescribed methods and data analytic procedures, and conclusions drawn from previous research. Furthermore, each program continues to develop. We present a prototypical version of each program, emphasizing differences among the three research programs. That said, the three research programs also share important assumptions, methods, and conclusions, although the emphasis may vary. For example, when we describe one program’s account of evolutionary origins, the reader should not infer that the other two programs reject evolution by natural selection or assume special creation. Similarly, the fact that one program emphasizes context does not mean that contextual effects are incompatible with the other programs. We present each program’s assertions as if they were established facts, but in fact they are hypotheses. In the conclusion to our chapter, we elaborate on compatibilities and convergences, but we begin by contrasting the three programs.

Theoretical and Empirical Background to the eBook

2017 ◽  
pp. 150-172
Author(s):  
Azza A Abubaker ◽  
Joan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Textual Content

A textbook in any e-educational system is an important element that requires a closer look at its components and structure, as well as identifying the barriers that affect the level of learning. This can be achieved in different aspects such as the analysis of textual content or sentence structure which is one of the concerns of linguists. On the other hand, examining the textual content can determine the appropriateness of the education level for students. This type of assessment is part of educators' concerns and by examining and defining the factors that could affect reading a text on screen, this is usually related to the way of displaying text such as font size, colour, background colour, amount of text and the location of the text on the screen. This is a key focus of this research. In this chapter, the concern will be to define the concepts and the structure of an e- document as a starting point to investigate the usability of e-texts as it covers the following: definition of e-document; history of eBook; structure of e-textbook; contribution of e-textbook for education; comparison between reading electronic and paper book; young people and the use of the internet and computer; statistical data for using the internet in Arabic countries; designing an e-textbook.

The Age of the Sign: New Light on the Role of the Fourteenth Century in the History of Semiotics

Dialogue ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
History Of ◽  
Getting Lost ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Semiotics, the age-old investigation of signs, is still striving for acknowledgement as a scientific (and academic) discipline. Though the ‘linguistic turn’ in the philosophical disciplines seemed to be followed by a ‘semiotic turn’ in many sciences during the 1970s, efforts were not crowned by great success. When seen from a certain distance, a definition of semiotics as a discipline can only be obtained from its history. Research into the sources of the human pre-occupation with signs, and with concepts or conceptions of signs, is really desirable and even necessary when a field of considerable scientific interest at the brink of being awarded the rank of a discipline runs the risk of getting lost between the unificationism of the Morris-type and the elegance of pseudo-mathematical empty classificationism (such as demonstrated in the late Max Bense's Stuttgart School) on the one side, and profitable exploitation of the sign's popularized design qualities on the other.

scholarly journals Panegyric praise of for Yoasaf Krokovskyi

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Giovanna Siedina
Keyword(s):  
Epic Poetry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The author analyzes a long and complex panegyric poem dedicated to Yoasaf Krokovskyi, a key figure in Ukrainian cultural life and Orthodox Church of the late 17th — early 18th centuries (he was elevated to the three prominent Orthodox ecclesiastical posts in the Hetmanate: rector of the Kyiv Mohyla Collegium, archimandrite of the Kyivan Cave Monastery, and metropolitan). The poem was written in 1699 when Krokovskyi held the post of the Kyivan Cave Monastery archimandrite. Since the main goal of poetry at the time was contributing to the education of pious men and loyal subjects, panegyric poetry was one of the principal genres of Mohylanian poetics. Indeed, the best way to achieve this goal was to represent exemplary human actions that would constitute models worthy of emulation. The didactic function of praise was all the more effective when the characters being praised were familiar to the students.  The analyzed poem is found in the 1699 manual of poetics “Hymettus extra Atticam”, whose author was Yosyf Turoboiskyi, a Mohylanian professor who steadily entered the history of Russian culture due to his celebratory works in honor of Peter I, while in Ukrainian literature he is almost unknown. The central theme of the analyzed poem, written on the occasion of Krokovskyi’s birthday, is a virtue of the addressee and wisdom that inspires him. These themes reveal, on one side, the author’s intention to insert the personality of archimandrite and future metropolitan into what N. Pylypiuk saw as a project, initiated in the 1690s, of portraying Mazepa and Yasynskyi with visual and textual means as protectors and benefactors of Wisdom’s abode, that is the Collegium and St. Sophia. On the other, they reflect the idea of wisdom as it was characterized by the Renaissance; it is mirrored in the Erasmian definition of wisdom as “virtus cum eruditione liberali conjuncta”. This fact, expanding the topic of epic poetry to all activities related to the intellect, reflects the Renaissance approach to the ‘heroicum carmen’ and testifies to the influence of Humanism and Renaissance on the Ukrainian literature.

Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232922199990
Author(s):  
Areej Sabbagh-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Sociology ◽  
Critical Potential ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Knowledge is inextricably bound to power in the context of settler colonialism where apprehension of the Other is a tool of domination. Tracing the development of the “settler colonial” paradigm, this article deconstructs Zionist and Israeli dispossession of Palestinian land and sovereignty, applying the sociology of knowledge production to the study of the Israeli-Palestinian case. The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm’s reformulation. This article offers a phenomenology of Palestinian positionality, a critical potential for decolonizing the settler colonial structure and exclusive Jewish sovereignty, to consolidate a field of study that shapes not only research into the Israeli-Palestinian case but approaches to decolonization and liberation.

scholarly journals Analysis of research programs: a sociological perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-128
Author(s):  
VOLODYMYR REZNIK
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Knowledge ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Protective Belt

The origins and content of the methodology of scientific research programs of I. Lakatos are considered taking into account the problems and tasks of the history of sociology. The reception of the methodology of research programs in sociology can be explained by the relevance of the analytical model of the structure and dynamics of the research program in the analysis of sociological knowledge. Within the framework of sociological knowledge, metatheoretical, theoretical and empirical structural levels are analytically distinguished. Certain structural analogies are observed: between the “hard core” and “negative heuristics” of the research program, on the one hand, and metatheory, on the other; between the “protective belt” and the “positive heuristic” of the research program, on the one hand, and theory, on the other; between the empirical content of the research program, on the one hand, and the empirical basis of sociology, on the other. One can observe a number of analogies in the dynamics of functional connections between the structural components of the research program, on the one hand, and the dynamics of functional connections between metatheorizing, theorizing, and empirical analysis in sociology, on the other.

scholarly journals Turystyka kolejowa w województwie pomorskim

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Otta
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
Definition Of

Rail tourism and tourism by rail are two issues that are rarely encountered in the literature. This text presents a short definition of both terms, extended by examples of their functioning in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The railway network of this voivodeship, built mostly under Prussian rule, was quite dense and satisfied the communication needs of the society. World War II, and later the economic changes at the turn of the present century, caused a significant reduction in the railway network. Railway lines, which have survived to this day and used for passenger traffic, allow tourists to reach tourist attractions located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, and thus foster tourism by rail. On the other hand, lines and structures which ceased to fulfill a communication role, have become sites used in railway tourism. There are also open-air museums and railway museums in the Gdańsk-Pomerania district where tourists can learn about the history of railways in the region. The active spending of time in a railway atmosphere is possible thanks to trolley rides and a narrow-gauge railway.

scholarly journals Legal Regulation of the Emerald Network: National and Global Aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Bevz
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the definition of the legal nature of the Emerald network, as well as to the issues of the formation of the Emerald Network in the context of Ukraine's international obligations. In particular, the history of the appearance of the term “Emerald Network” in international acts, the criteria and the procedure for designating territories of the Emerald Network is investigated. In addition, the article deals with the problems connected with the legal provision of the formation of the Emerald Network in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the adoption of the relevant legislation is foreseen by the international obligations of Ukraine as a Member State of Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. The provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine "On the Territories of the Emerald Network” are analyzed.

Pseudohallucinations: a conceptual history

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Berrios ◽  
T. R. Dening
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Diagnostic Role ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

SynopsisThe term ‘pseudohallucination’ is currently used to name imaginal experiences whose relationship to one another and to hallucinations ‘proper’ remains obscure. Clinicians, including specialists in psychopathology, disagree on how pseudohallucination must be defined and on its diagnostic role. Empirical research is unlikely to help as the term does not have a stable referent. Historical and conceptual analyses, on the other hand, are of great use to show how this untidy state of affairs has obtained. This paper includes a full account of the history of pseudohallucination and concludes that: (a) the problem has resulted from the fact that the history of the word, concept (s) and putative behaviour (s) failed to ‘converge’ (i.e. there never has been a time when the three components have formed a stable complex); (b) failure to converge has been caused by the fact that the concept of pseudohallucination is parasitical upon that of hallucination, and that the latter has proved to be far more unstable than what is usually recognized; (c) hence, pseudohallucination is a vicarious construct (i.e. one created by a temporary conceptual need, and which is not associated with a biological invariant); (d) pseudohallucination is used as the ‘joker’ in a poker game (i.e. made to take diagnostic values according to clinical need) – this has led to diagnostic complacency and retarded important decisions as to the nature and definition of hallucinations; and (e) the language of current descriptive psychopathology is not fine-grained enough to generate a stable frame for pseudohallucination. This suggests that its boundaries and usage will remain fuzzy and unbridled.

The Two Faces of Janus

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Yael Tamir
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Perception ◽  
Information And Technology

This chapter argues that nationalism is a deceptive ideology; one of its faces looks to the past, the other looks to the future. It discusses the negative descriptions of nationalism that emphasize its backward-looking face. The chapter also explains how nationalism tried to revive (or invent) an image of a magnificent past. It examines the history of nationalism, and one of its most fascinating features, modernizing powers. Despite the common perception of nationalism as identified with primordial, tribal feelings, the chapter asserts that true power of nationalism in modern times is grounded in its ability to promote processes of modernization and industrialization that go hand in hand with the universalization of education, information, and technology. Ultimately, the chapter portrays nationalism as an expression of a populist state of mind. It further presents the most interesting definition of populism.

Error and the Will

Philosophy ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 38 (144) ◽  
pp. 136-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theories Of Truth ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
Concepts Of Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of

Throughout the history of philosophy there has been a sustained interest in the concepts of knowledge, truth and meaning; interest in the concepts of error, falsity and nonsense, on the other hand, has been intermittent and spasmodic. Error, for example, has suffered at the expense of knowledge to such an extent that sometimes its very existence has been denied, or it has been explained away as being merely the absence of or privation of knowledge; many theories of truth are so constructed that no place can be found for falsity, and theories about what constitutes making sense pay, on the whole, little heed to what constitutes nonsense. In this paper I hope to do something to redress the balance so far as error is concerned. My remarks are prompted by the hope that, just as we may best understand health through the study of disease, so a consideration of error or failure may throw light on knowledge or success. It is clearly not very informative to say of error, falsity and nonsense that they are merely the absence of knowledge, truth and sense; indeed it is just as laconic as a proposed medical definition of disease as the absence of health.

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