scholarly journals Semantic relations underlie non-linear planning in complex noun phrases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENS ROESER ◽  
Mark Torrance ◽  
Thom Baguley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Production System ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Non Linear

When producing a noun phrase whether or not pre-planning extends beyond theinitial noun varies with the phrase’s syntactic structure. However it is not clear on whatbasis – conceptual or syntactic – the production system determines that pre-planning isnecessary. In two experiments (Ns= 32, 64) participants produced noun phrases inresponse to picture arrays. Surface form was held constant but scope of the initialdeterminer was manipulated by varying the contrastive functions of the first and thesecond noun (e.g., The man with the painting [but not the girl with the painting] vs. Theman with the painting [but not the man with the ball]). Evidence from eye movement data revealed a stronger tendency for early planning in the extended-scope condition. This is evidence that pre-planning requirements of structurally complex noun phrase are determined prior to the processing of syntax and lexis.

scholarly journals Headlines in The Guardian editorials: the syntax and semantics of noun phrases

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-142
Author(s):  
Larysa Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Guardian

The Guardian editorial headline is viewed as a two-component structure punctuated with colons in which the first part names the topic and the second one provides its comment. The article examines the frequency and diversity of eight noun phrase patterns and gives structural and functional analysis of their constituents. The author studies how categorial features of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions manifest themselves on a phrase level. Three types of semantic relations between noun-noun components are defined. Two more aspects under consideration are complexity and coordination in noun phrases.

scholarly journals Clausal modifiers in noun phrases: A comparison of English and Norwegian based on the Oslo Multilingual Corpus

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Elsness
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Fact

The structure of the noun phrase has many common features in English and Norwegian. One feature shared by the two languages is that noun phrases often contain clausal postmodifiers. However, there are marked differences in the types of clauses occurring: Postmodifying clauses in Norwegian tend to be finite relative clauses, while in English there is much more variation, connected with the general fact that -ing clauses and past-participle clauses are common non-finite alternatives in that language, in addition to infinitive clauses. These all tend to be less explicit modifiers than relative clauses, in terms of both their semantic content and their syntactic structure. The study reported in this article confirms that Norwegian noun phrases are often characterised by a higher degree of explicitness than corresponding English ones. A major finding is a tendency for information which is expressed by clausal noun-phrase modifiers in English to be expressed by other means in Norwegian, sometimes outside the same noun phrase, which can often be seen as the extreme case of explicitness. The study is based on an investigation of corresponding noun phrases in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), part of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. In an attempt to offset the impact of individual translators’ preferences, the Multiple-translation Corpus, consisting of ten different Norwegian translations of each of two English Original texts, is also examined.

scholarly journals THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF AWGNI NOUN PHRASES

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Berhanu Asaye Agajie
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Labeling Algorithm

The objective of this study is to examine the syntactic structure of Awgni Noun Phrases. The assumption of Labeling Algorithm {XP, H} is holding on, and a descriptive research design was employed to explore the intended objective. Data for this research were enriched by interviewing 12 native speakers of Awgni specializing in the proposed language. Through expert samplings, 20 Noun Phrases were selected and illustrated. Results showed that the Noun Phrases in Awgni could be formed out of the head Nouns all along through other lexical categories reminiscent of the Noun Phrases, Adjective Phrases, Verb Phrases, Determiner Phrases, and Adverb Phrases.  These grammatical items were serving as dependents to the head Nouns. The head Nouns in Awgni are for all time right-headed. These heads are the only obligatory constituents, while the Phrasal categories are optional elements which could be either modifiers or complements to the head Nouns. In this regard, Labeling Algorithm explicitly chooses the contiguous Noun heads that are the label of the complete Syntactic Objects (SOs) anticipated for all Noun Phrase structures.

scholarly journals Non-linear System Identification: Visual Saliency Inferred from Eye-Movement Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 32-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Wichmann ◽  
W. Kienzle ◽  
B. Scholkopf ◽  
M. Franz
Keyword(s):  
System Identification ◽  
Linear System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear System Identification ◽  
Non Linear System

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Do Successor Effects in Reading Reflect Parafoveal Processing? Evidence From Corpus-Based and Experimental Eye Movement Data

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Angele ◽  
Elizabeth R. Schotter ◽  
Timothy Slattery ◽  
Tara L. Chaloukian ◽  
Klinton Bicknell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Movement Data

Challenges in Interpretability of Neural Networks for Eye Movement Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayush Kumar ◽  
Prantik Howlader ◽  
Rafael Garcia ◽  
Daniel Weiskopf ◽  
Klaus Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Data

scholarly journals Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hiroki Fujita ◽  
Ian Cunnings
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause

Abstract We report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.

Syntactic and Phonological Influences on Children’s Articulation

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Panagos ◽  
Mary Ellen Quine ◽  
Richard J. Klich
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Phonological Deficits ◽  
Word Position ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Passive Sentence

The effects of syntactic and phonological structure on the consonant articulations of children with phonological deficits were investigated. Three structural variables were studied: syntactic structure (noun phrase, declarative sentence and passive sentence), word structure (monosyllable and disyllable) and word position (initial and final). Syntactic structure and word structure significantly affected the accuracy of articulation and the degree of word simplification. Structural complexity may contribute to overall hierarchial complexity, in turn causing children to simplify their speech.

scholarly journals Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

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