scholarly journals The Debate on the Ethics of AI in Health Care: a Reconstruction and Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Morley
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
Definition Of

Healthcare systems across the globe are struggling with increasing costs and worsening outcomes. This presents those responsible for overseeing healthcare with a challenge. Increasingly, policymakers, politicians, clinical entrepreneurs and computer and data scientists argue that a key part of the solution will be ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) – particularly Machine Learning (ML). This argument stems not from the belief that all healthcare needs will soon be taken care of by “robot doctors.” Instead, it is an argument that rests on the classic counterfactual definition of AI as an umbrella term for a range of techniques that can be used to make machines complete tasks in a way that would be considered intelligent were they to be completed by a human. Automation of this nature could offer great opportunities for the improvement of healthcare services and ultimately patients’ health by significantly improving human clinical capabilities in diagnosis, drug discovery, epidemiology, personalised medicine, and operational efficiency. However, if these AI solutions are to be embedded in clinical practice, then at least three issues need to be considered: the technical possibilities and limitations; the ethical, regulatory and legal framework; and the governance framework. In this article, we report on the results of a systematic analysis designed to provide a clear overview of the second of these elements: the ethical, regulatory and legal framework. We find that ethical issues arise at six levels of abstraction (individual, interpersonal, group, institutional, sectoral, and societal) and can be categorised as epistemic, normative, or overarching. We conclude by stressing how important it is that the ethical challenges raised by implementing AI in healthcare settings are tackled proactively rather than reactively and map the key considerations for policymakers to each of the ethical concerns highlighted.

The neuroethical future of wearable and mobile health technology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karola V. Kreitmair ◽  
Mildred K. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Mobile Health Technology ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Healthcare It ◽  
Mobile Mental Health ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality

Wearable and mobile health technology is becoming increasingly pervasive, both in professional healthcare settings and with individual consumers. This chapter delineates the various functionalities of this technology and identifies its different purposes. It then addresses the ethical challenges that this pervasiveness poses in the areas of accuracy and reliability of the technology, privacy and confidentiality of data, consent, and the democratization of healthcare. It also looks at mobile mental health apps as a case study to elucidate the discussion of ethical issues. Finally, the chapter turns to the question of how this technology and the associated “quantification of the self” affect traditional modes of epistemic access to and phenomenological conceptions of the self.

Mapping the Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalised Healthcare Service (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-hua Huang ◽  
Ki-hun Kim ◽  
Maartje Schermer
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Personalised Healthcare

BACKGROUND The concept of digital twins has great potential for transforming the existing healthcare system by making it more personalised. As a convergence of healthcare, artificial intelligence, and information and communication technologies, personalised healthcare services developed under the concept of digital twins raise a myriad of ethical issues. While some of the ethical issues are known to researchers working on digital health and personalised medicine, currently there is no comprehensive review that maps major ethical risks of digital twins for personalised healthcare services. OBJECTIVE This paper fills the research gap by identifying major ethical risks of digital twins for personalised healthcare services. We first propose a working definition for digital twins for personalised healthcare services (DTPHS) to facilitate future discussion on the ethical issues related to these emerging digital health services. We then developed a process-oriented ethical map to identify major ethical risks against each of the different data processing phases. METHODS This research aims to address this research gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of major ethical risks of DTPHSs. Due to the scarcity of literature on DTPHSs, we are unable to perform a systematic review of ethical concerns over DTPHSs. Thus, we resort to literature on eHealth, personalised medicine, precision medicine, and information engineering to identify potential issues. We develop a process-oriented ethical map to structure the inquiry in a more systematic way. The ethical map allows us to see how each of the major ethical concerns emerges during the process of transforming raw data into valuable information. RESULTS The process-oriented ethical analysis identified ten operational problems and the relevant ethical values. By structuring the operational problems and relevant ethical values in a clear logical flow, this process-oriented ethical map allows developers of DTPHSs and stakeholders to have a comprehensive overview of major ethical risks while refining the design of DTPHSs. The ethical values section on the map also helps developers of DTPHSs better understand which values they ought to consider while developing solutions for an operational problem they encounter.   CONCLUSIONS It is challenging to address all of the major ethical risks a DTPHS might encounter proactively without a conceptual map at hand. The process-oriented ethical map we propose here can assist developers of DTPHSs in analysing ethical risks in a more systematic manner. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

scholarly journals THE INTERSECTION OF ETHICS AND VULNERABLE ELDERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S238-S238
Author(s):  
Pamela B Teaster ◽  
Georgia Anetzberger
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Community Based Services

Abstract Researchers, practitioners and policymakers are daily confronted with multiple and competing situations regarding vulnerable older adults and the complex issues that they face in all aspects of their lives. Challenges can arise in the provision of social services, dispensing justice, conducting research, or addressing legal issues. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss dilemmas that vulnerable older adults and concerned others face by elucidating current and future challenges facing this population, particularly in the realms of compromised health (cognitive impairment); effective status (gender); care arrangements (home and community-based services); and abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Teaster and Anetzberger discuss relevant ethical theories and principles as well as a definition of vulnerability. Santos and Nichols-Hadeed report on ethical issues embedded in vulnerable elders’ cognitive status. Bowland and Halaas highlight the intersection of ethics, gender and vulnerable elders. Niles-Yokum and Beaumaster discuss the nexus of ethics and the provision of home and community based services for vulnerable older adults. Heisler considers vulnerabilities of older adults and ethical challenges when addressing elder abuse. Throughout the papers, we weave the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.

scholarly journals Remote primary care consultations for people living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences of people living with dementia and their carers

2021 ◽  
pp. BJGP.2020.1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Tuijt ◽  
Greta Rait ◽  
Rachael Frost ◽  
Jane Wilcock ◽  
Jill Manthorpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
Remote Healthcare ◽  
Remote Consultations

Background: COVID-19 has accelerated remote healthcare provision in primary care, with changes potentially permanent. The implementation of remote provision of healthcare needs to hear from vulnerable populations, such as people living with dementia. Aim: To understand the remote healthcare experiences of patients living with dementia and their family carers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and setting: Qualitative interviews with community-based patients living with dementia and their carers during early months (May-August 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted remotely by telephone or video call with 30 patients living with dementia and 31 carers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Three main themes were derived relating to: 1) proactive care at the onset of COVID-19 restrictions, 2) avoidance of healthcare settings and services, and 3) difficulties with remote healthcare encounters. People living with dementia and their carers felt check-up calls were reassuring but limited in scope and content. Some avoided healthcare services, wishing to minimise COVID-19 risk, reduce NHS burden, or encountering technological barriers. Difficulties in remote consultations included lack of prompts to remember problems, dealing with new emerging problems, rescheduling/missed calls, and inclusion of the person with dementia’s voice. Conclusion: While remote consultations could be effective, pro-active calls could be more structured around needs, and consideration should be given to replace non-verbal prompts to describe problems, particularly for new health concerns. In continuing remote consultations, it is important to facilitate engagement with patients living with dementia and their carers to ensure best practice.

scholarly journals Personalized medicine: Legal and ethical challenges

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Computational Data

This anthology deals with the legal and ethical challenges regarding personalized (precision) medicine and healthcare. It can also be regarded as the final report of a research project on the legal and ethical aspects of personalized medicine. It complements the reported results of the consortium ‘Personalised medicine to predict and prevent Type 1 Diabetes (P4 Diabetes)’ which were briefly presented in the booklet entitled ‘Better, Smarter, Now: Personalised Health – From Genes to Society (pHealth)’, Academy of Finland, Helsinki 2019. The articles of this anthology are not limited to the aspects of predicting and preventing Type 1 Diabetes only, as the name of the consortium would suggest. The list of participating researchers indicates that many-sided medical expertise was represented in the consortium and, in addition, computational data analysis as well as legal and ethical issues were covered by the participating sites of research. A comprehensive examination of the issues of personalized medicine requires multidisciplinary approaches. In this anthology, the legally and ethically oriented mainstream of writings has been complemented with an article of a computer scientist in order to recognize the possibilities and challenges of machine learning when interpreting the patient’s need for help. It is our hope that this anthology would be useful both for the academic community and for the decision-makers in the fields of healthcare and (personalized) medicine. It is also advisable that the anthology would give an impetus for further research activity in these new spheres of medical law and biolaw.

scholarly journals Fraud in the banking system of Ukraine: ways to combat taking into account foreign experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 208-220
Author(s):  
Oleh V. Kyrychenko ◽  
Olena A. Soldatenko ◽  
Olena V. Gorokhovska ◽  
Maryna O. Voloshyna ◽  
Larysa O. Maksymova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Banking Institution ◽  
Financial Monitoring

The article aims to identify effective ways to combat bank fraud in Ukraine. Using the method of systematic analysis of theoretical experience, practical measures and international legislation in the field of combating banking fraud, the main factors influencing the bank fraud level are identified: financial instability of the banking institution, lack of information about the client's credit history, poor internal control, low level of corporate governance, lack of a standard procedure for customers verification, lack of a unified register of bank employees, imperfect legal regulators and a banking control system. The study allowed to identify the characteristics of an effective banking fraud combating system: a clear definition of the legal framework, regulation subjects and objects, strict and guaranteed liability for violations of laws, cooperation of structural units and regulatory authorities at the domestic and international level, state control of financial monitoring. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the successful experience of developed countries, comprehensive implementation of measures to combat bank fraud (at the legislative, bank management and technological level) will not only reduce the level of bank fraud, but also corruption, money laundering and terrorist financing rate.

Ethical issues in family violence research in healthcare settings

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eija Paavilainen ◽  
Sari Lepistö ◽  
Aune Flinck
Keyword(s):  
Family Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Participant Recruitment ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Definition Of

Research ethics is always important. However, it is especially crucial with sensitive research topics such as family violence. The aim of this article is to describe and discuss some crucial issues regarding intimate partner violence and child maltreatment, based on the authors’ own research experiences. We focus on and discuss examples concerning the definition of family violence, research design, ethical approval, participant recruitment and safety and data collection and processing. During the research process, the significance of teamwork is emphasized. Support provided by the participants to each other and support given by experienced researchers within the team is very important for high ethical standards.

scholarly journals Balanced scorecard method for healthcare quality improvement: A critical analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Quality In Healthcare

Throughout the world there is an on-going effort to determine quality in healthcare settings. The very definition of “quality”, particularly in healthcare, is rather elusive. The aim of this critique is to analyze the Balance Scorecard method to measure quality as it relates to patient safety in healthcare organisations. Analysis of the Balanced Scorecard in this context determined that the objectivity, both in its measurements and its ability to link together the organization’s quality and financial goals, is indeed beneficial. However, this methodology was also found to be unduly focused on systems and administration rather than on the actual health and safety of patients. The result is a tool that measures “quality” in financial and organizational terms, as sought by healthcare management, and this will continue to be the case until there is a fundamental shift towards defining quality of healthcare in terms of the patients that utilize healthcare services.

Healthcare Public Health

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Case Evaluation ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
International Perspectives

Healthcare public health is concerned with the application of population sciences to the design, organization, and delivery of healthcare services, with the ultimate aim of improving population health. This book provides a modern introduction to the methods and subject matter of healthcare public health, bringing together coverage of all the key areas in a single volume. Topics include healthcare needs’ assessment; access to healthcare; knowledge management; ethical issues; involvement of patients and the public; population screening; health promotion and disease prevention; new service models; programme budgeting and preparation of a business case; evaluation and outcomes; patient safety, and implementation and improvement sciences; healthcare in remote and resource-poor regions; and disasters and emergencies. Drawing on international perspectives, this volume will be relevant wherever healthcare is delivered. It will enable students, researchers, academics, practitioners, and policy makers to contribute to the goals of designing and delivering health services that improve population health, reduce inequalities, and meet the needs of individuals and communities.

scholarly journals 大腦移植對於道德責任歸屬的挑戰: 人格同一性判準的反思

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Wanling CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Moral Accountability ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.當今社會， 作為治療方式的器官移植手術(organ transplantation)已經相當普遍。然而，如果大腦作為器官的一種，並且在技術上成為可能，那麼我們如何透過大腦的提供者和接收者的關係去界定人格同一性的問題？我們又如何在傳統的同一性的概念上去解釋道德責任的歸屬呢？本文主要探討大腦移植手術對於人格同一性判準的挑戰與可能的回應。筆者認為，西方傳統以來在探討關於人格同一性的概念時，多從生物層次的個體以及心理層次的自我來思考問題，並沒有跳脫個人的視角。文章試圖從儒家思想對人格同一性問題，探討跳脫西方既有的將人化約的思維脈絡來重新思考人格同一性判準。Organ transplantation is now accepted as a common medical treatment. However, the potential for the transplantation of the brain, like any other organ, to become technically feasible gives rise to a series of ethical issues. This essay focuses on the challenges to the criteria for personal identity created by medical technology. Does transplantation preserve the integrity of personal identity? If not, how can we define moral accountability? The essay attempts to show that the traditional definition of personal identity in the West is both biologically and psychologically reductive, as it fails to deal with the issue of the preservation of personal identity in the case of brain transplants. The author argues for an alternative way (via the Confucian understanding of the person and relationality, for example) of responding to the new ethical challenges associated with brain transplantation.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 301 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document