scholarly journals Children’s Sensitivity to Reward Moderates the Association of Negative and Positive Parenting Behaviors in Child ADHD Symptoms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Janford Li
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Parent Management Training ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Atypical reward processing, including abnormal sensitivity to reward and punishment, has long been implicated in the etiology of ADHD. However, little is known about how these facets of behavior interact with positive (e.g., warmth, praise) and negative (e.g., hostility, harsh discipline) parenting behavior in the early expression of ADHD symptoms in young children. Understanding the interplay between children’s reward processing and parenting may be crucial for identifying specific treatment targets in psychosocial interventions for ADHD, especially given that not all children benefit from contingency-based treatments (e.g., parent management training). The study consisted of a community sample of kindergarten children (N = 184, 55% male) and their parents, who completed questionnaires about their parenting practices, their child’s behaviors and participated in an observed parent-child play task in the laboratory. Results showed that children’s sensitivity to reward and punishment were positively associated with child ADHD symptoms. Children’s sensitivity to reward significantly moderated the association of negative and positive parent behaviors on child ADHD symptoms. Children with high sensitivity to reward were less sensitive to variations in parental behavior, whereas children with low sensitivity to reward exhibited fewer ADHD symptoms under conditions of high global (i.e., self-reported) positive parenting, low global negative parenting and low observed negativity. Children’s sensitivity to punishment did not moderate the associations between positive and negative parenting behaviors and child ADHD symptoms. Results provide evidence that atypical reward processing may be an important of marker of risk for ADHD, but also highlights how children’s responses to positive and negative parenting behavior may vary by children’s reward processing. Clinical and treatment implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Parenting behavior and child ADHD

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
James Janford Li
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Adhd Treatment ◽  
Reward Responsivity

Objective: Parenting behavior is a well-established correlate of offspring ADHD. Yet, little is known about how parenting exerts its effects on offspring ADHD. We examined whether prospective associations between positive and negative parenting behaviors and child ADHD symptoms are mediated by deficits in child executive function (EF) and reward responsivity (RR). Method: A total of 135 children, with and without ADHD were assessed at mean ages 6 and 8. Children completed tasks on EF, and parents completed questionnaires about their parenting, and their children’s RR and children’s ADHD symptoms. Results: Negative parenting (but not positive parenting) was indirectly associated with offspring ADHD subtypes via the effects of Wave 1 EF and RR at Wave 2. Conclusion: Individual differences in EF and RR during the early childhood years may constitute a potential pathway by which negative parenting behaviors exerts its effects on subsequent offspring ADHD. Treatment implications are discussed.

Parental Phubbing and Children’s Social Withdrawal and Aggression: A Moderated Mediation Model of Parenting Behaviors and Parents’ Gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110428
Author(s):  
Xingchao Wang ◽  
Yuran Qiao ◽  
Wenqing Li ◽  
Li Lei
Keyword(s):  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Negative Behavior ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Early School

The present study sought to examine whether parental phubbing was significantly related to children’s social withdrawal and aggression, and determine whether positive and negative parenting behaviors mediated this association. We further examined whether parents’ gender moderated the direct and indirect relationships between parental phubbing and children’s social withdrawal and aggression. The participants included 465 Chinese fathers and mothers from different families, and each father or mother had one child from preschool and early school aged 4–10 years. They completed the measures regarding their experience with parental phubbing, positive and negative parenting behaviors, and children’s social withdrawal and aggression. Results showed that parental phubbing was positively related to children’s social withdrawal and aggression. Positive and negative parenting behaviors significantly mediated the associations between parental phubbing and children’s social withdrawal and aggression. Furthermore, parents’ gender moderated the relationships between parental phubbing and children’s social withdrawal and aggression. Specifically, in the mediating model of positive parenting behavior, the pathways from parental phubbing to children’s social withdrawal and parental phubbing to children’s aggression were significantly different. In the mediating model of negative behavior, the pathway from negative parenting behavior to children’s social withdrawal was significantly different.

scholarly journals A Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Parental Behavioral Consistency: Associations with Parental Stress and Child ADHD Symptoms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Janford Li ◽  
Jennifer E. Lansford
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Inconsistent parental discipline is a robust correlate of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, but few studies have considered the role of inconsistent positive parenting on ADHD, as well as the effects of stress on negative and positive parental consistency. This study advanced a novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) using participant smartphones to measure parental consistency, and examined its associations with family, social and parenting-related dimensions of stress and child ADHD symptoms. Participants were 184 kindergartners with and without ADHD and their parents. Harsh and warm dimensions of parental behavior were assessed using questionnaires, observations, and an EMA administered through parents’ smartphones, which measured parent-child behaviors every day for a period of one week. Family, social and parenting-related stress were assessed from questionnaires, and child ADHD symptoms were assessed from a fully structured diagnostic interview with the parent. Child ADHD symptoms were associated with variability in warm parenting behaviors, and higher levels of parenting-related stress were related to greater variability in harsh parenting behaviors. No significant interactions were detected between parental stress and child ADHD on parental variability. These findings suggest that different factors influence the consistency in parenting behavior, depending on whether positive parenting or negative parenting is assessed. Parent-based treatment programs for children with ADHD should include a stronger focus on reducing stress from parenting (e.g., teaching coping skills for parents), as this may lead to greater consistency in parental behavior more generally, and presumably better child outcomes.

Parenting practices and intergenerational cycle of victimization in Peru

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline R. Scheid ◽  
Laura E. Miller-Graff ◽  
Danice B. Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Child Victimization ◽  
Intergenerational Cycle ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Existing research has suggested children of caregivers with histories of exposure to trauma are at heightened risk for victimization, but few studies have explored potential mechanisms that explain this intergenerational transmission of risk. With data from peri-urban households in Lima, Peru (N = 402), this study analyzes parenting behaviors in the relation between caregivers’ trauma history and child victimization for children aged 4–17. Results indicated caregivers’ trauma history and negative parenting behaviors related to child victimization, and negative parenting behaviors mediated this relation. Positive parenting behaviors did not have significant direct effects and were not mediators of risk transmission. Parenting behaviors did not moderate the relation between caregiver and child victimization, suggesting parenting behaviors may not buffer or exacerbate intergenerational transmission. Post-hoc analyses revealed family type (e.g., single, cohabitating/married) exerted significant direct and moderating effects on child risk, interacting with positive parenting. Families with married/cohabitating caregivers reported overall lower levels of child victimization; however, the relation between positive parenting and victimization was slightly stronger for children in single-parent families. Results highlight potential pathways of the intergenerational cycle of victimization and suggest high-risk families in Peru may benefit from parenting supports, especially pertaining to remediation of negative parenting behaviors.

scholarly journals On the Relationship Between Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Behaviors and Children’s Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-694
Author(s):  
Seoyoung Ha ◽  
Sae-Young Han
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
School Students ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Low Levels

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clarify and elaborate the concept of implicit self-esteem by identifying parenting domains that are related to implicit self-esteem as well as by comparing the correlation between parenting behaviors and children’s explicit and implicit self-esteem (ESE & ISE). Furthermore, based on previous studies’ emphasis on the functions of self-esteem discrepancies, 4 groups of self-esteem types were included in the analysis: secure self-esteem, defensive self-esteem, damaged self-esteem and congruent low self-esteem.Methods: Participants were 279 Korean middle school students (114 boys and 165 girls). Children’s ESE and ISE were measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Name-Letter Task (NLT), respectively, and the parenting behavior measure consisted of 8 domains: monitoring, reasoning, inconsistency, over-involvement, over-expectation, neglect, physical abuse, and affection. Considering the effect of gender on the parent-child relationship, analysis was conducted according to gender.Results: Comparison between the correlations revealed that among 32 factors, differences in ESE and ISE were significant in 13 factors and not significant in 19 factors. Further, most of the parenting domains were significantly related to both daughters’ and sons’ ESE, while only a few of father and mother’s parenting domains were related to ISE. Boys’ ISE was negatively related to fathers’ over-involvement and mothers’ reasoning, while girls’ ISE was positively related to both parents’ monitoring and negatively related to neglect. Additionally, the group with secure self-esteem (characterized by high ESE and high ISE) mostly reported high levels of positive parenting behaviors and low levels of negative parenting behaviors, while the group with congruent low self-esteem (characterized by low ESE and low ISE) mostly reported low levels of positive parenting behaviors and high levels of negative parenting behaviors.Conclusion: This study contributes significant findings to the understanding of ISE. Based on the current study’s results, it is plausible to conclude that ISE performs a similar function to ESE, yet weaker. Moreover, the importance of measuring mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors separately could be more emphasized. Further discussions are suggested regarding areas of contention over the formation and the concept of ISE.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and parental mood/affective problems links negative parenting and executive dysfunction in children born very preterm

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Lean ◽  
Emily D. Gerstein ◽  
Tara A. Smyser ◽  
Christopher D. Smyser ◽  
Cynthia E. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Poverty increases the risk of poorer executive function (EF) in children born full-term (FT). Stressors associated with poverty, including variability in parenting behavior, may explain links between poverty and poorer EF, but this remains unclear for children born very preterm (VPT). We examine socioeconomic and parental psychosocial adversity on parenting behavior, and whether these factors independently or jointly influence EF in children born VPT. At age five years, 154 children (VPT = 88, FT = 66) completed parent-child interaction and EF tasks. Parental sensitivity, intrusiveness, cognitive stimulation, and positive and negative regard were coded with the Parent-Child Interaction Rating Scale. Socioeconomic adversity spanned maternal demographic stressors, Income-to-Needs ratio, and Area Deprivation Index. Parents completed measures of depression, anxiety, inattention/hyperactivity, parenting stress, and social-communication interaction (SCI) problems. Parental SCI problems were associated with parenting behavior in parents of children born VPT, whereas socioeconomic adversity was significant in parents of FT children. Negative parenting behaviors, but not positive parenting behaviors, were related to child EF. This association was explained by parental depression/anxiety symptoms and socioeconomic adversity. Results persisted after adjustment for parent and child IQ. Findings may inform research on dyadic interventions that embed treatment for parental mood/affective symptoms and SCI problems to improve childhood EF.

Self-Reported Adult Attachment and Observed Parenting Behavior of New Mothers and Fathers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-834
Author(s):  
Anna L. Olsavsky ◽  
Miranda Berrigan ◽  
Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Negative Parenting ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Path Analyses

This study examined associations between parents’ self-reported adult attachment and observed parenting behavior using a dyadic and family systemic approach. 182 primiparous expectant couples (182 mothers and 182 fathers) reported on their attachment avoidance and anxiety during the third trimester of pregnancy and were observed interacting with their infants at 3 and 9 months postpartum to assess positive and negative parenting behavior. Path analyses revealed that fathers had the lowest observed negative parenting behavior at 3 months postpartum when they were low in anxiety and mothers were also low in anxiety or avoidance. At 9 months postpartum, greater attachment avoidance was associated with lower observed positive parenting behavior and higher observed negative parenting behavior regardless of parent gender. Moreover, when mothers were more anxious and fathers more avoidant, mothers exhibited greater negative parenting behavior; when mothers were more avoidant and fathers more anxious, mothers exhibited less positive parenting behavior.

scholarly journals Perceptions of children’s mental capacities and self-reported parenting behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Salo ◽  
Mia Letterie ◽  
Lucy S King ◽  
Kara Weisman ◽  
Kathryn Leigh Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Positive Parenting ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Parent Gender ◽  
Mind Perception

We examined whether parents’ mind perception of young children (i.e., perceptions of young children’s cognitive, emotional, and perceptual capacities), as well as their interest in and curiosity about their own young child’s mental states are associated with parenting behavior. In a sample of 234 US parents (58% mothers; Mean age=35.62 years) of 3- to 5-year-olds, we found that mind perception, interest and curiosity, and self-reported positive parenting behavior were all positively related. Mediation analyses suggested that parents who attributed more mental capacities to young children in general were more interested in their own child’s mental states and, in turn, more likely to report engaging in positive parenting behaviors. Compared to fathers, mothers reported perceiving greater mental capacities in young children, and greater interest and curiosity in their own child’s mental states. We explored these perceptions as possible mediators for an association between parent gender and parenting behavior.

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