scholarly journals Measuring Affect Dynamics: An Empirical Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Pirla ◽  
Maxime Taquet ◽  
Jordi Quoidbach
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Dynamic Measures ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Affect Dynamics

A fast-growing body of evidence from experience sampling studies suggests that affect dynamics are associated with well-being and psychological health. But heterogeneity in experience sampling approaches impedes reproducibility and scientific progress. Leveraging a large dataset of 7016 individuals, each providing over 50 affect reports, we introduce an empirically-derived framework to help researchers design well-powered and efficient experience sampling studies. Our research reveals three general principles. First, a sample of 200 participants and 20 observations per person yields sufficient power to detect medium size associations for most affect dynamic measures. Second, for trait and time-independent variability measures of affect (e.g., S.D.), distant sampling study designs (i.e., a few daily measurements spread out over several weeks) leads to more accurate estimates than close sampling study designs (i.e., several daily measurements concentrated over a few days), whereas differences in accuracy across sampling methods were inconsistent and of little practical significance for temporally dependent affect dynamic measures (i.e., RMSSD, autocorrelation coefficient, TKEO, and PAC). Third, across all affect dynamics measures, sampling exclusively on specific days or time windows leads to little to no improvement over sampling at random times. Because the ideal sampling approach varies for each affect dynamics measure, we provide a companion R-package, an online calculator, and a series of benchmark effect sizes to help researchers address three fundamental how’s of experience-sampling: How many participants to recruit? How often to solicit them? And for how long?

Differentiate to Regulate: Low Negative Emotion Differentiation Is Associated With Ineffective Use but Not Selection of Emotion-Regulation Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise K. Kalokerinos ◽  
Yasemin Erbas ◽  
Eva Ceulemans ◽  
Peter Kuppens
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotion Differentiation ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

Emotion differentiation, which involves experiencing and labeling emotions in a granular way, has been linked with well-being. It has been theorized that differentiating between emotions facilitates effective emotion regulation, but this link has yet to be comprehensively tested. In two experience-sampling studies, we examined how negative emotion differentiation was related to (a) the selection of emotion-regulation strategies and (b) the effectiveness of these strategies in downregulating negative emotion ( Ns = 200 and 101 participants and 34,660 and 6,282 measurements, respectively). Unexpectedly, we found few relationships between differentiation and the selection of putatively adaptive or maladaptive strategies. Instead, we found interactions between differentiation and strategies in predicting negative emotion. Among low differentiators, all strategies (Study 1) and four of six strategies (Study 2) were more strongly associated with increased negative emotion than they were among high differentiators. This suggests that low differentiation may hinder successful emotion regulation, which in turn supports the idea that effective regulation may underlie differentiation benefits.

scholarly journals Momentary Emotion Differentiation: The derivation and validation of a framework to study within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasemin Erbas ◽  
Elise Katherine Kalokerinos ◽  
Peter Kuppens ◽  
Sjoerd van Halem ◽  
Eva Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Theoretical Derivation ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Emotion Differentiation ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Differentiation Index

Emotion differentiation refers to the tendency to label emotions in a granular way. While differentiation is an important individual difference in the context of psychological well-being (Kashdan et al., 2015), it is unknown how it fluctuates within individuals. Such a within-person measure is important, since it would allow the study of how changes in differentiation predict subsequent levels of other variables of interest. Here, we present a framework to study emotion differentiation at the within-person level by introducing a momentary emotion differentiation index. This index is directly derived from the classical emotion differentiation index, the intra-class correlation. We first give a theoretical derivation of this index. Next, using data from two experience sampling studies, we show how this new momentary index is related to other momentary indicators of well-being, and take the first steps in building its nomological network. A better understanding of within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation will allow us to identify the causes and consequences of these fluctuations, and search for ways to teach individuals to increase their level of emotion differentiation.

scholarly journals Momentary Emotion Differentiation: The Derivation and Validation of an index to Study Within-Person Fluctuations in Emotion Differentiation

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112199008
Author(s):  
Yasemin Erbas ◽  
Elise K. Kalokerinos ◽  
Peter Kuppens ◽  
Sjoerd van Halem ◽  
Eva Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Theoretical Derivation ◽  
Emotion Differentiation ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Differentiation Index

Emotion differentiation refers to the tendency to label emotions in a granular way. While differentiation is an important individual difference in the context of psychological well-being, it is unknown how it fluctuates within individuals. Such a within-person measure is important, since it would allow the study of how changes in differentiation predict subsequent levels of other variables of interest. Here, we present a framework to study emotion differentiation at the within-person level by introducing a momentary emotion differentiation index. This index is directly derived from the classical emotion differentiation index, the intraclass correlation. We first give a theoretical derivation of this index. Next, using data from two experience sampling studies, we show how this new momentary index is related to other momentary indicators of well-being, and take the first steps in building its nomological network. A better understanding of within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation will allow us to identify the causes and consequences of these fluctuations, and search for ways to teach individuals to increase their level of emotion differentiation.

scholarly journals Social Media and Well-being: Time to Abandon the Active-Passive Dichotomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti M. Valkenburg ◽  
Irene Ingeborg van Driel ◽  
Ine Beyens
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Valid Measurement

A recurring claim in the literature is that “active” social media use (ASMU) leads to increases in well-being, whereas “passive” social media use (PSMU) leads to decreases in well-being. The aim of this scoping review was to investigate the validity of this claim by comparing the results of studies that appeared after the meta-analysis of Liu et al. (2019). We found 27 studies focusing on 85 different associations of ASMU or PSMU with well-being. Results showed that studies used a hodgepodge of operationalizations of ASMU and PSMU. Some mixed up private (e.g., direct messaging) and public (e.g., posting, browsing) ASMU and/or PSMU, which is problematic, because private SMU is more synchronous and intimate than public SMU, which may lead to different effects. The majority of the cross-sectional, virtually all the longitudinal, and most of the experience sampling studies disconfirmed the hypothesized associations of ASMU and PSMU with well-being. Moreover, the experiments revealed that the effects of PSMU depend on the content and sender of the posts. Our results indicate that it is time to abandon the active-passive dichotomy and replace it with a more valid measurement of SMU that takes characteristics of SM content, senders, and receivers into account.

scholarly journals Socioemotional Dynamics of Emotion Regulation and Depressive Symptoms: A Person-Specific Network Approach

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yang ◽  
Nilam Ram ◽  
Scott D. Gest ◽  
David M. Lydon-Staley ◽  
David E. Conroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Sampling Studies

Socioemotional processes engaged in daily life may afford and/or constrain individuals’ emotion regulation in ways that affect psychological health. Recent findings from experience sampling studies suggest that persistence of negative emotions (emotion inertia), the strength of relations among an individual’s negative emotions (density of the emotion network), and cycles of negative/aggressive interpersonal transactions are related to psychological health. Using multiple bursts of intensive experience sampling data obtained from 150 persons over one year, person-specific analysis, and impulse response analysis, this study quantifies the complex and interconnected socioemotional processes that surround individuals’ daily social interactions and on-going regulation of negative emotion in terms of recovery time. We also examine how this measure of regulatory inefficiency is related to interindividual differences and intraindividual change in level of depressive symptoms. Individuals with longer recovery times had higher overall level of depressive symptoms. Also, during periods where recovery time of sadness was longer than usual, individuals’ depressive symptoms were also higher than usual, particularly among individuals who experienced higher overall level of stressful life events. The findings and analysis highlight the utility of a person-specific network approach to study emotion regulation, how regulatory processes change over time, and potentially how planned changes in the configuration of individuals’ systems may contribute to psychological health.

Smartphone tilt as a measure of well-being? Evidence from two experience sampling studies (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Kuhlmann ◽  
Ulf-Dietrich Reips
Keyword(s):  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Smartphone Sensor

BACKGROUND Smartphone usage is increasing around the globe. Smartphones offer considerable opportunities to researchers implementing experience sampling designs. Besides convenient gathering of self-report data, the availability of objective sensor data promises advantages for data collection. OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown the relation between body posture and well-being as well as an association between smartphone sensor data and posture. We investigated the association of the smartphone’s objective tilt measure with self-reported well-being in the field. METHODS Two experience sampling studies with 98 and 261 participants were conducted. They included self-reported measures of well-being and objective sensor gathered at the same points in time. The sample included Android and iOS smartphones. RESULTS Results of Study 1 show a within-person association between deviation from the usual tilt and well-being, t(3392)=-3.9, p<.001, d=.13. In Study 2 this association was only shown for Android users, t(3389)=-2.20, p=.03, d=.08, but not for iOS users. Comparison of the groups did reveal differences in the distribution of the sensor measured tilt. CONCLUSIONS An association between subjective well-being and smartphone sensor data was shown, but not consistently across devices and studies. Possible explanations for the differing results by smartphone platform include heterogeneity of the hardware implemented and differences in the software sensor values. Advice on precautions to consider when implementing app studies on differing devices and platforms in the wild are given. Implications for future studies, including objective validation of sensor data, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Autonomy Matters: Experiential and Individual Differences in Chosen and Unchosen Solitary Activities From Three Experience Sampling Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110480
Author(s):  
Dwight C. K. Tse ◽  
Jennifer C. Lay ◽  
Jeanne Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Lower Productivity

Solitude––the absence of social interaction––can bring both positive and negative experiences. Drawing on self-determination theory, we conducted three experience sampling studies to investigate quality of experience and dispositions associated with activities varying on two dimensions––chosenness (chosen/unchosen) and social context (solitary/interactive). Participants (total N = 283) completed surveys 6–7 times each day over a 7-day period (total: 8,769 surveys). Multilevel modeling confirmed that participants reported the lowest quality momentary experiences when engaged in unchosen (vs. chosen) solitary activities. Further, individuals who spent more time on unchosen solitary activities reported lower meaning in life and satisfaction with life. Extraversion was positively associated with time spent on chosen interactive activities but negatively with chosen solitary activities. Post hoc analyses revealed that people low (vs. high) in extraversion reported lower productivity only during unchosen interactive activities. Chosen (vs. unchosen) solitary activities seem to have a relatively benign impact on quality of experience and well-being.

Psychometric Properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marcusson-Clavertz ◽  
Oscar N. E. Kjell
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychological Variables

Abstract. Thinking about task-unrelated matters (mind wandering) is related to cognition and well-being. However, the relations between mind wandering and other psychological variables may depend on whether the former commence spontaneously or deliberately. The current two studies investigated the psychometric properties of the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind Wandering Scales (SDMWS; Carriere, Seli, & Smilek, 2013 ). Study 1 evaluated the stability of the scales over 2 weeks ( N = 284 at Time 1), whereas Study 2 ( N = 323) evaluated their relations to Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, Openness, Social desirability, and experience-sampling reports of intentional and unintentional mind wandering during an online cognitive task. The results indicated that the SDMWS were better fitted with a two-factor than a one-factor solution, although the fit was improved with the exclusion of one item. The scales exhibited strong measurement invariance across gender and time, and moderately high test-retest reliability. Spontaneous mind wandering predicted Generalized anxiety disorder and experience-sampling reports of unintentional mind wandering, whereas Deliberate mind wandering predicted Openness and experience-sampling reports of intentional mind wandering. Furthermore, Spontaneous mind wandering showed a negative association with social desirability of weak-to-medium strength. In sum, the scales generally showed favorable psychometric properties.

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