scholarly journals Selective publication of findings: Why does it matter, and what should we do about it?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kasy
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Statistical Decision ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Current Reform ◽  
Policy Proposals

This essay argues that different justifiable objectives for scientific institutions lead to contradictory recommendations.We need to be explicit about our objectives in order to discuss the tradeoffs between them.Replicability and the validity of conventional statistical inference constitute one such objective, and they indeed require that publication decisions do not depend on findings. This is what motivates much of current reform efforts.Validity of inference is presumably not the only objective, however -- it could easily be achieved by estimates derived from a random number generator.Relevance of findings might be another objective.If our goal is to inform decision makers or to maximize social learning, there is a strong rationale to selectively publish surprising findings.A third objective could be the plausibility of published findings.If there is some uncertainty about the quality of studies and we want to avoid publishing incorrect results, we might want to selectively publish unsurprising findings.How can we resolve the tension between these contradictory recommendations?I will outline one possibility below, proposing a functionally differentiated publication system, with different outlets focusing on different objectives.Measures that are promoted by current reformers, such as pre-analysis plans and registered reports, would have to play a crucial role in such a system.Following these policy proposals, I will take a step back and argue that these debates raise some fundamental questions for statistical theory.In order to coherently discuss these issues, statistical theory needs a model of the work of empirical research that goes beyond the single-agent model of statistical decision theory.We should understand statistics (quantitative empirical research) as a social process of communication and collective learning that involves many different actors with differences in knowledge and expertise, different objectives, and constraints on their attention and time, who engage in strategic behavior.

scholarly journals The Association between Social Capital and Voting Participation in Three Developing Democracies in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Jack Chola Bwalya ◽  
Prasanth Sukumar
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
Voting Participation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Western Democracies

Numerous empirical research studies posit that social capital has a positive influence on peoples’ political participation. Studies conducted in developed western democracies have revealed that social capital strengthens democratic institutions by impacting both the quantity and quality of citizens’ political participation. However, in the developing democracies of Africa, the effects of social capital on political participation remain under-researched. This paper aims to empirically examine whether the interrelation between social capital and political participation holds true in the developing democracies of Africa. By operationalising the concept of social capital as membership in civic associations, this paper examines the influence of social capital on peoples’ voting participation in three Southern African countries, viz. Botswana, Namibia and Zambia. Using data from the sixth round of the Afrobarometer Survey, this study found that social capital was strongly linked to voting participation in these countries.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SINDROMA DEPRESI TERHADAP DISFUNGSI EREKSI

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Hutagalung ◽  
Christoffel Elim ◽  
Herdy Munayang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Sexual Stimulus ◽  
Physical Diseases

Abstract: Normal sexual function is a bio-psycho-social process which is significantly related to the quality of life (QOL). Any disturbance in one of the components can be a disaster in sexual life.  Erectile dysfunction is a disability to get an erection or to maintain the erection well enough for a sexual intercourse, which persists or recurs at least three months conse-cutively due to either psychogenic or organic disturbances, or both. Some psychogenic dis-turbances especially depression, anxiety, and relational distress, play some important roles in ED. Besides that, aging, low testoteron level, physical diseases, and some certain medicines have to be included. Key words: erection, erectile dysfunction, sexual stimulus, depression.     Abstract: Fungsi seksual yang normal merupakan suatu proses biopsikososial yang berkaitan langsung dengan kualitas hidup. Adanya gangguan pada salah satu komponen dapat menjadi malapetaka bagi kehidupan seksual. Disfungsi ereksi dapat dedefinisikan sebagai suatu keti-dakmampuan untuk ereksi atau mempertahankan ereksi yang cukup untuk melakukan hu-bungan seksual yang memuaskan, yang menetap atau berulang paling tidak selama tiga bulan berturut-turut. Gangguan psikogenik khususnya sindroma depresi, ankietas, dan distres relasional berperan penting dalam hal terjadinya disfungsi ereksi. Disamping itu usia lanjut, rendahnya kadar testoteron, penyakit fisik, dan beberapa jenis obat perlu diperhitungkan. Kata kunci: fisiologi ereksi, disfungsi ereksi, stimulus seksual, depresi.

scholarly journals PERNIKAHAN DINI DILERENG MERAPI DAN SUMBING

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Julijanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Counseling Training ◽  
Family Tradition ◽  
Community Skills

This article discusses about the practice of early marriage in Selo district of   Boyolali and Kaliangkrik district of Magelang. Based on empirical research, this article argues that many people practiced early marriage in these both districts. Family tradition and out of wedlock pregnancy were two main reasons behind the practice. Some efforts are being made to improve the quality of life of people in  Selo Boyolali and Kaliangkrik Magelang such as building family quality, promoting early marriage prevention, increasing the role of community education, marriage law counseling, training and improving community skills. The involvement of community leaders in these efforts is very influential. This is indicated by the  issuance of circular letters preventing early marriage. The result is the decrease of early marriage practice in Selo and Kaliangkrik   Artikel ini membahas tentang praktik pernikahan dini yang banyak terjadi di Kecamatan Selo Boyolali dan Kecamatan Kaliangkrik Magelang. Hasil penelitian empiris menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua faktor penting yang menyebabkan terjadinya pernikahan dini di dua kecamatan tersebut, yaitu tradisi/kebiasaan turun temurun keluarga dan hamil di luar nikah. Untuk menurunkan angka pernikahan dini ini, beberapa usaha telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat seperti membangun kualitas keluarga, pencegahan pernikahan dini, peningkatan kualitas pendidikan, bimbingan pernikahan, dan peningkatan ketrampilan. Dalam usaha ini, pemimpin lokal mempunyai peranan penting dalam mempengaruhi penurunan praktik pernikahan dini. Ini diindikasikan dengan dikeluarkannya surat edaran pelarangan nikah dini oleh KUA setempat. Surat edaran ini mampu  memenurunkan angka pernikahan dini yang ada di dua kecamatan tersebut .

Beyond Words

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Multimodal Composition ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Qualitative Coding

This review synthesizes and critically interprets the empirical research on adolescents’ multimodal composition practices across contexts. Along with presenting descriptive statistics characterizing the 76 studies reviewed (e.g., research designs, contexts, and types of multimodal products), qualitative coding revealed six main themes in research focusing on adolescents and multimodal composition. Sequenced according to prevalence, research has found that multimodal composition is: 1) engaging for adolescents, 2) a collaborative, social process, 3) particularly beneficial to “marginalized” adolescents, 4) involves overt instruction, 5) is scaffolded in a variety of ways, and 6) is a complex, recursive process. At a time when notions of composition are expanding—educators are trying to catch up and researchers have just begun to understand and theorize multimodal composition—this review offers a comprehensive look at what has been learned thus far and suggests implications for research and practice.

scholarly journals Effect of the Fu Zheng Method Applied by Hong-Feng CHEN on the Quality of Life in TNBC Patients and Empirical Research Based on Data Mining

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-279
Author(s):  
Yu-Zhu ZHANG ◽  
Yue ZHOU ◽  
Bai-Ling SHI ◽  
Hong-Feng CHEN ◽  
Li-Juan CHE
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Empirical Research

scholarly journals More than a Game: Racecraft and the Adaptation of “Race” in Live Action Role Play

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Samantha Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Role Play ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Role Players ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Live Action

Live action role players make the imaginative worlds of tabletop games manifest through collaborative storytelling and embodied play. Escaping the everyday, these communities could radically reimagine culture and challenge oppressive ideologies. Instead, they are deeply invested in essentializing “race”. I conducted a three-year ethnographic study alongside 20 semi-structured interviews to explore racecraft in live action role play. Supporting the groundbreaking work of Karen and Barbara Fields, I find that racecraft is a social process—continually negotiated and maintained through intimate interactions and community exchanges. Through this process, the definition of “race” is continually adapted while belief in this category remains entrenched. When participants confront racist stereotypes, practitioners coerce marginalized members into a false exchange. These members are encouraged to share experiences detailing the damage of problematic representations. Practitioners then reduce these experiences to monolithic understandings of “race”. In this insidious manner, anti-racist confrontations become fodder for racecraft. Complicating this further, patterned racism is characterized as an inborn quality of whiteness, minimizing practitioners’ accountability. Responsibility is then shifted onto marginalized participants and their willingness to engage in “racial” education. This trap is ingrained in the double standard of racism, adapting “race” such that whiteness is unrestricted by the monolithic definitions applied to those outside this category.

More Data or Better Data? A Statistical Decision Problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1583-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Dominitz ◽  
Charles F. Manski
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Statistical Decision Theory ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Statistical Decision ◽  
Finite Samples ◽  
Statistical Decision Problem ◽  
Sample Member

AbstractWhen designing data collection, crucial questions arise regarding how much data to collect and how much effort to expend to enhance the quality of the collected data. To make choice of sample design a coherent subject of study, it is desirable to specify an explicit decision problem. We use the Wald framework of statistical decision theory to study allocation of a budget between two or more sampling processes. These processes all draw random samples from a population of interest and aim to collect data that are informative about the sample realizations of an outcome. They differ in the cost of data collection and the quality of the data obtained. One may incur lower cost per sample member but yield lower data quality than another. Increasing the allocation of budget to a low-cost process yields more data, while increasing the allocation to a high-cost process yields better data. We initially view the concept of “better data” abstractly and then fix attention on two important cases. In both cases, a high-cost sampling process accurately measures the outcome of each sample member. The cases differ in the data yielded by a low-cost process. In one, the low-cost process has non-response and in the other it provides a low-resolution interval measure of each sample member’s outcome. In these settings, we study minimax-regret sample design for prediction of a real-valued outcome under square loss; that is, design which minimizes maximum mean square error. The analysis imposes no assumptions that restrict the unobserved outcomes. Hence, the decision maker must cope with both the statistical imprecision of finite samples and the partial identification of the true state of nature.

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