scholarly journals Posición española en tecnologías de la IA | Spanish position in AI technologies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Lloret Egea
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Engineering Programs ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Doctoral Programmes ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Eu

The situation of Spain together with that of other surrounding countries has been analysed through different studies. A recent OECD report31 indicates that private equity investment in start-ups focused on AI in Spain between 2011 and mid 2018 is 3% of the total amount invested in start-ups based in the EU, well behind France (13%), Germany (14%) or the United Kingdom (55%). According to the study carried out by the consulting firm Roland Berger “Joining the dots- A map of Europe ́s AI Ecosystem”32, the four most important AI countries in Europe are the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Spain, which contribute 60% of start-ups, laboratories and communities33 of the 30 countries analysed (EU, plus Switzerland and Norway).Although the first three countries alternate in terms of the different measures used (for example, the United Kingdom clearly stands out in the number of start-ups and France in the number of laboratories), Spain ranks fourth, closely followed by countries classified in the group of emerging countries as the so-called “followers”. These data show that there is ample room for improvement with a better system of cooperation between agents and that the technological investment made so far in Spain is insufficient and that, in short, without solving these two aspects there will not be a favourable environment for AI technologies in our country. However, the situation in the EU is also not very encouraging when we observe that these EU investments account for 8% of global investment in 2017 (China and the US account for almost 85% of investment).Despite this, the European Commission's The European AI Landscape34 report gives evidence of Europe's leading role in being “at the forefront of AI and robotics, as evidenced by the excellent scientific position of European researchers, including several world experts in AI from Europe.”This European situation, characterized by insufficient public and private investment in a context of a global race to develop and incorporate AI technologies in the different areas of socio-economic impact, requires Spain to play a leading role, as is expected of our capabilities, with AI research groups of excellent international level, and where most universities already offer relevant engineering programs. University training in AI has some of the oldest and most consolidated postgraduate, masters and doctoral programs in Europe with more than 3 decades of history. According to RD 1393/200735 and RD 99/201136, which regulate official university and doctoral education, there are 11 current Master Courses and 2 doctoral programmes, although there are other official programs that include the study of AI in their curricula.

EUROPEAN UNION´S SUGAR MARKET CONCENTRATION UNDER THE SUGAR QUOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľuboš SMUTKA ◽  
Helena ŘEZBOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
Current Production ◽  
High Dynamic ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Eu

The European sugar beet quota system is in very high dynamic process in recent years. The number of sugar companies involved in this system has been constantly decreasing. The aim of this paper is to define subjects (companies/alliances), which possess the current production capacities working under the production quotas system. The paper is determining especially the level of beet sugar production quota holder system concentration using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. The paper provides the following findings. The European quota holder system is extremely concentrated and it is becoming more and more dominated by fewer players. Sugar quota is distributed among 19 EU-Member States. In this regard, the quota is generous, especially in relation to France, Germany, Poland and United Kingdom. In Finland, Lithuania, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovakia and the United Kingdom controlled by two or even one subject (companies, alliances). There is a large discrepancy between political efforts to distribute equitable R 1308/2013-sugar quotas among states and the actual reality of those distributions. While the EU-quota holder system does not indicate an extreme concentration, an analysis according to the headquarters´ location and allocated quotas to owners of production capacities provides the evidence of extreme concentration.

Data protection and passenger name record in judicial criminal matters under the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

2021 ◽  
pp. 203228442199492
Author(s):  
Catherine Van de Heyning
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Judicial Cooperation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The submission discusses the provisions in the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement on data protection as well as the consequences for the exchange of passenger name record data in the field of criminal and judicial cooperation. The author concludes that the impact of the Agreement will depend on the resolvement of the United Kingdom to uphold the standards of protection of personal data equivalent to the EU’s in order to reach an adequacy decision.

Notes on the ECHR and the Disunited Kingdom ‘After’ Brexit – In memoriam Scott Crosby

2020 ◽  
pp. 203228442097693
Author(s):  
Gavin Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Record ◽  
Eu Referendum ◽  
In Memoriam ◽  
European Criminal Law ◽  
The Eu

When the idea of this special edition occurred to the team behind the New Journal of European Criminal Law, my first thought was to go back through all of Scott Crosby’s contributions in print as editor-in-chief and see whether a mini-retrospective on the themes and views therein would be worthy of inclusion here – by Scott’s own standards. These notes focus on what gradually became the single biggest concern expressed in Scott’s editorials: the perilous position of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in a post-Brexit UK – in concreto, the prospect of what he labelled ‘Brexit plus’: a British exit from the ECHR system. I begin with Scott’s views on the European Union (EU) Referendum and the Brexit process. Next comes the great uncertainty currently surrounding the future of Convention rights in the United Kingdom, set against the emphasis placed by the editorials on the instrumental role of the ECHR in fostering peace across the whole of Europe, within and beyond the territory of the EU. In the event that Brexit plus should materialise, writing in the wake of polls showing all-time record support in Scotland for secession from the United Kingdom I close by asking whether Scotland might be able to ‘leave a light on for Strasbourg’.

scholarly journals FORECASTING INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS IN MALAYSIA USING SARIMA AND HOLT-WINTERS MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Norliana Mohd Lip ◽  
Nur Shafiqah Jumery ◽  
Fatin Amira Ahmad Termizi ◽  
Nurul Atiqa Mulyadi ◽  
Norhasnelly Anuar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Tourism Flows

Tourism can be described as the activities of visitors who make a visit to the main destination outside their usual environment for less than a year for any purpose. The tourism industry has become one of the influential sectors in global economic growth. Thus, tourism forecasting plays an important role in public and private sectors concerning future tourism flows. This study is an attempt to determine the best model in forecasting the international tourist's arrival in Malaysia based on Box-Jenkins and Holt-Winters model. The comparison of the accuracy of the techniques between Box-Jenkins SARIMA and Holt-Winters model was done based on the value of Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The secondary time series data were obtained from the Tourism Malaysia Department, which consists of a number of tourist arrivals from Singapore, Korea, and the United Kingdom from the year 2013 until the year 2017. The findings of this study suggest that the SARIMA and Holt-Winters model are suitable to be used in forecasting tourist arrivals. This study found that the Holt-Winters model is the appropriate model to forecast tourist arrivals from the United Kingdom (UK) and Korea. While SARIMA (1,1,1) (1,1,1)12 is the appropriate model for forecasting tourist arrivals from Singapore.

scholarly journals Features of transformation of legal entities in the conditions of Brexit

2021 ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
Olha Ovechkina
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The State ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Actual Location ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Legal Entities

In connection with the decision to withdraw the UK from the EU a number of companies will need to take into account that from 1 January 2021 EU law will no longer apply to the United Kingdom and will become a "third country" for EU Member States, unless the provisions of bilateral agreements or multilateral trade agreements. This means that the four European freedoms (movement of goods, services, labor and capital) will no longer apply to UK companies to the same extent as they did during the UK's EU membership. The purpose of the article is to study, first of all, the peculiarities of the influence of Great Britain's withdrawal from the European Union on the legal regulation of the status of European legal entities. Brexit results in the inability to register European companies and European economic interest groups in the UK. Such companies already registered before 01.01.2021 have the opportunity to move their place of registration to an EU Member State. These provisions are defined in Regulations 2018 (2018/1298) and Regulations 2018 (2018/1299).British companies with branches in EU Member States will now be subject to the rules applicable to third-country companies, which provide additional information on their activities. In the EU, many countries apply the criterion of actual location, which causes, among other things, the problem of non-recognition of legal entities established in the country where the criterion of incorporation is used (including the United Kingdom), at the same time as the governing bodies of such legal entities the state where the settlement criterion is applied. Therefore, to reduce the likelihood of possible non-recognition of British companies, given the location of the board of such a legal entity in the state where the residency criterion applies, it seems appropriate to consider reincarnation at the actual location of such a company. Reducing the risks of these negative consequences in connection with Brexit on cross-border activities of legal entities is possible by concluding interstate bilateral and multilateral agreements that would contain unified rules on conflict of law regulation of the status of legal entities.

scholarly journals Wpływ wyjścia Zjednoczonego Królestwa z Unii Europejskiej na wspólną politykę bezpieczeństwa i obrony UE

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kubin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Common Security

The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (so-called Brexit) is one of the most important events in the process of European integration. It has a lot of extremely remarkable implications – both for the EU and for the United Kingdom. Among other, Brexit will affect the security of the United Kingdom and the EU. The aim of the study is to answer the research question: how will Britain’s exit from the EU influence the EU common security and defence policy? In order to answer this question, the factors that are most relevant to the United Kingdom’s significance for the EU’s security and defence policy will be identified. This will show how the EU’s potential of the security and defence policy will change, when the UK leaves this organisation. The most important conclusions are included in the summary.

Legislating and Adjudicating

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Eleanor Sharpston
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Union Legislation ◽  
Final Text ◽  
The Eu

The chapter examines the role played by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) in ruling authoritatively on the meaning of European Union legislation. The EU legislative process differs from the parliamentary process in the United Kingdom for good reason. Within the European Union, there are many different traditions of how such drafting should be done; whilst, at EU level, multinationalism and multilingualism have a significant impact on what emerges as the final text. The chapter explains the difficulties encountered and gives illustrations from the Court’s case-law of instances where the Court has either decided not to take steps that might be construed as ‘legislating’ or, conversely, has gone to the limits of ‘constructive re-interpretation’. The chapter concludes by asking how far the Court should ‘bend’ a legislative text.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Federico Fabbrini
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Withdrawal Agreement of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU). The Withdrawal Agreement, adopted on the basis of Article 50 Treaty on European Union (TEU), spells out the terms and conditions of the UK departure from the EU, including ground-breaking solutions to deal with the thorniest issues which emerged in the context of the withdrawal negotiations. Admittedly, the Withdrawal Agreement is only a part of the Brexit deal. The Agreement, in fact, is accompanied by a connected political declaration, which outlines the framework of future EU–UK relations. The chapter then offers a chronological summary of the process that led to the adoption of the Withdrawal Agreement, describing the crucial stages in the Brexit process — from the negotiations to the conclusion of a draft agreement and its rejection, to the extension and the participation of the UK to European Parliament (EP) elections, to the change of UK government and the ensuing constitutional crisis, to the new negotiations with the conclusion of a revised agreement, new extension, and new UK elections eventually leading to the departure of the UK from the EU.

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