scholarly journals Polimorfisme Gen N-Asetiltransferase 2 (NAT2) dan Implementasi Farmakogenomik dalam pengobatan Tuberkulosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rika Yuliwulandari ◽  
Kinarsih Prayuni

AbstrakTuberkulosis (TB) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia. Enzim N-asetil- transferase 2 (NAT2) telah diketahui memainkan peranan penting dalam proses metabolism obat anti tuberkulosis, terutama Isoniazid. Polimorfisme NAT2 dilaporkan memiliki asosiasi dengan resiko toksisitas obat dan perkembangan berbagai penyakit. Anti-TuberculosisDrug- induced liver injury (AT-DILI) merupakan efek samping yang biasanya terjadi pada pen- gobatan tuberkulosis. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasien dengan fenotipe aset- ilator NAT2 lambat sangat rentan terhadap perkembangan AT-DILI. Penelitian kami sebe- lumnya menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi asetilator NAT2 lambat di Indonesia cukup tinggi, pada etnis Jawa-sunda sebesar 33% dan pada etnis Melayu 38%. Oleh karena itu, kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kerentanan AT-DILI harus di tingkatkan. Penelitian kami terbaru menunjukkan bahwa NAT2*6A, yang merupakan alel asetilator lambat, memiliki asosiasi yang signifikan terhadap AT-DILI (p=7.7×10−4, odds ratio (OR)=4.75 (1.8–12.55)). Selain itu, pasien dengan fenotipe asetilator lambat menunjukkan risiko AT-DILI lebih tinggi dibandingkan pasien dengan fenotipe cepat atau intermediet (p = 1,7 × 10-4, OR = 3,45 (1,79-6,67)). Farmakogenomik merupakan suatu studi variasi ekspresi gen individu terkait kerentanan terhadap penyakit dan respon terhadap obat baik pada individu itu sendiri mau- pun pada populasi. Penelitian dan penerapan farmakogenomik dapat membantu menentukan pengobatan yang terbaik untuk pasien dan memiliki peluang keberhasilan yang lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kita perlu mendorong pengembangan penelitian farmakogenomik, mengusulkan kolaborasi baik secara nasional maupun internasional dan membuat masyarakat Indonesia menyadari betapa pentingnya penerapan farmakogenomik dalam kehidupan mereka.Kata kunci: NAT2, Asetilator lambat, AT-DILI, Farmakogenomik AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is still remains as a major health problem in Indonesia. The enzyme N- Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) has been known to play an important role in metabolizing anti- tuberculosis drugs, especially isoniazid. Polymorphisms of NAT2 are reportedly associated with the risk of drug toxicities and development of various diseases. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) is the most common adverse drug reaction in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Several studies showed that a patient with slow acetylator phenotype has a high susceptibility to AT-DILI. Our research on the Indonesian population, in Javanese and Sundanese dan Malay ethnics showed 33% and 38% NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype, respectively. Therefore, Indonesia populations have to be aware with the development of AT-DILI. Our recent study showed thatNAT2*6A as a slow acetylator allele was signifi- cantly associated with AT-DILI (P=7.7×10−4, odds ratio (OR)=4.75 (1.8–12.55)). Addi- tionally, patients with slow acetylator phenotype showed higher risk of AT-DILI than pa- tients with the rapid acetylator or intermediate acetylator phenotypes (P=1.7×10−4,OR=3.45 (1.79–6.67)). Pharmacogenomics is a study of the variation of in- dividual gene expression related to susceptibility to disease and response to drugs both in the individual itself and population. Pharmacogenomics research and implementation can help to select the best therapeutic option for patients suffering from certain diseases that are both cost effective and having higher chance of success. Therefore, we need to foster phar- macogenomics research development, propose collaboration both nationally and interna- tionally and make the Indonesia society realize how important pharmacogenomics imple- mentation is in their life.Keywords: NAT2, Slow acetylator, AT-DILI, Pharmacogenomics

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311
Author(s):  
Rika Yuliwulandari ◽  
Kinasih Prayuni ◽  
Retno Wilujeng Susilowati ◽  
Abdul Salam M Sofro ◽  
Katsushi Tokunaga ◽  
...  

Aim: We investigated the contribution of NAT2 variants and acetylator status to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) severity. Materials & methods: 100 patients with clinically severe AT-DILI and 210 non-AT-DILI controls were subjected to NAT2 genotyping by direct DNA sequencing. Results: NAT2 slow acetylator was significantly associated with AT-DILI risk (p = 2.7 × 10-7; odds ratio [95% CI] = 3.64 [2.21–6.00]). Subgroup analysis of NAT2 ultra-slow acetylator revealed a stronger association with AT-DILI risk (p = 4.3 × 10-6; odds ratio [95% CI] = 3.37 [2.00–5.68]). Subset analysis of NAT2 acetylator status and severity grade confirmed these results in AT-DILI patients with more severe disease whereas fast and intermediate acetylator phenotypes were associated with a decreased AT-DILI risk. Conclusion: We elucidated the role of NAT2 phenotypes in AT-DILI in Indonesian population, suggesting that NAT2 genotype and phenotype determination are important to reduce AT-DILI risk.


2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Benesic ◽  
Alexander L. Gerbes

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common cause of acute liver failure and accounts for the majority of regulatory actions on drugs. Furthermore, DILI is a relevant cause for project terminations in pharmaceutical development. The idiosyncratic form of DILI is especially a threat in late clinical development phases and postmarketing, respectively. Even the occurrence of only a few idiosyncratic DILI cases in late clinical development or postmarketing may suffice to terminate or withdraw an otherwise promising therapy. Despite advances in preclinical assessment of dose-dependent toxicity, idiosyncratic DILI is still a big challenge for in vitro research: it not only requires individualized models but also a huge number of tests. We have developed and investigated MetaHeps®, a technology involving hepatocyte-like cells generated from peripheral monocytes without genetic modifications. These cells exhibit several hepatocyte-like characteristics and show donor-specific activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes. With MetaHeps we have performed in vitro investigations in patients with DILI suspicion. By investigating MetaHeps derived from DILI patients we could show increased in vitro susceptibility to the drugs involved in the individual patients. MetaHeps testing could also rule out DILI and help to identify other causes of acute liver injury. Moreover, MetaHeps identified the causative agent in polymedicated patients. In conclusion, in vitro research of idiosyncratic DILI requires individual cell models which produce results comparable to the clinical situation. We suggest the MetaHeps technology as a novel tool to cope with these challenges of DILI.


BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e027940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungwon Yang ◽  
Se Jung Hwang ◽  
Jung Yun Park ◽  
Eun Kyoung Chung ◽  
Jangik I Lee

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) and the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATDILI).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Reviews databases were searched through April 2019.Eligibility criteriaWe included case-control or cohort studies investigating an association between NAT2, CYP2E1, GST or SLCO1B1 polymorphisms and the ATDILI risk in patients with tuberculosis.Data extraction and synthesisThree authors screened articles, extracted data and assessed study quality. The strength of association was evaluated for each gene using the pooled OR with a 95% CI based on the fixed-effects or random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the reliability and robustness of the results.ResultsFifty-four studies were included in this analysis (n=26 for CYP2E1, n=35 for NAT2, n=19 for GST, n=4 for SLCO1B1). The risk of ATDILI was significantly increased with the following genotypes: CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI c1/c1 (OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.83), NAT2 slow acetylator (OR=3.30, 95% CI 2.65 to 4.11) and GSTM1 null (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.52). No significant association with ATDILI was found for the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 DraI, GSTT1, GSTM1/GSTT1, SLCO1B1 388A>G and SLCO1B1 521T>C (p>0.05).ConclusionsATDILI is more likely to occur in patients with NAT2 slow acetylator genotype, CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI c1/c1 genotype and GSTM1 null genotype. Close monitoring may be warranted for patients with these genotypes.


Author(s):  
Supharat Suvichapanich ◽  
Koya Fukunaga ◽  
Hilyatuz Zahroh ◽  
Taisei Mushiroda ◽  
Surakameth Mahasirimongkol ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1364-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wattanapokayakit ◽  
T. Mushiroda ◽  
H. Yanai ◽  
N. Wichukchinda ◽  
C. Chuchottawon ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno W. Susilowati ◽  
Kinasih Prayuni ◽  
Intan Razari ◽  
Syukrini Bahri ◽  
Rika Yuliwulandari

Background: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism was previously reported to have association with the risk of drug toxicities and the development of various diseases. Previous research on the Indonesian population, especially Javanese and Sundanese, showed that there were 33% NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype. The aim of this study was to map the NAT2 variation in the Malay ethnic to gain a deeper insight into NAT2 haplotypic composition in this ethnic.Methods: 50 healthy samples from the Indonesian Malay ethnic were obtained. They were interviewed about their ethnic backgrounds for the last three generations. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and NAT2 genotyping was done using the PCR direct Sequencing. Data were compiled according to the genotype and allele frequencies estimated from the observed numbers of each specific allele. Haplotype reconstruction was performed using PHASE v2.1.1 software.Results: We found 7 haplotypes consisting of 6 SNPs and 14 NAT2 genotype variations in Indonesian Malay population. The most frequent allele was NAT2*6A (38%) which was classified as a slow acetylator allele. According to bimodal distribution, the predicted phenotype of the Malay population was composed of 62% rapid acetylator and 38% slow acetylator. According to trimodal distribution, the predicted phenotypes for rapid, intermediate and slow acetylators were 10%, 52% and 38% respectively.Conclusion: Our result indicates the presence of the allelic distribution and revealed the most frequent acetylator status and phenotype for the Indonesian Malay population. The result of this study will be helpful for future epidemiological or clinical studies and for understanding the genetic basis of acetylation polymorphism in Indonesia.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiqun Dong ◽  
Jia You ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Danhua Zheng ◽  
Yi Zhong ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND Preventing Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in advance is an important task to improve drug safety and protect patient health. It was reported that more than half of small-molecule kinase inhibitors (KIs) induced DILI clinically. Meanwhile, numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mitochondrial damage and the generation of DILI. OBJECTIVE We aimed to focused on KIs to find factors related to DILI occurrence and study the binding potential between the whole class of drugs and mitochondrial proteins and further analysis of the key proteins in silico. METHODS 1,223 drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were collected and analyzed, including 44 KIs. Fisher exact test was used to analyze DILI potential and risk of different factors. 187 human mitochondrial proteins were further collected and high-throughput molecular docking was performed between them and drugs in the data set. RESULTS Be The possibility of KIs to produce DILI is much higher than other types (odds ratio [OR] = 46.89, 95% CI [confidence interval] = 6.44 ~ 341.63, P = 9.28E-13). A few DILI risk factors were found, including molecular weight (MW) between 400 and 600, the defined daily dose (DDD) greater than or equal to 100mg/day, the octanol-water partition coefficient (LogP) greater than or equal to 3, and the degree of liver metabolism (LM) more than 50% (‘400 ≤ MW < 600 & LogP ≥ 3 & DDD ≥ 100 & LM ≥ 50%’). Drugs that met this combination of rules were found to have higher DILI risk than controls (OR = 8.28, 95% CI = 2.46 ~ 27.82, P = 4.82E-05, PPV [positive predictive value] = 88%) and were more likely to cause severe DILI (OR = 8.26, 95% CI = 2.25 ~ 30.26, P = 5.06E-04). The docking results showed that KIs had significant higher affinity with human mitochondrial proteins (P = 4.19E-11), which may be an implication for higher DILI potential. CONCLUSIONS KIs were found to have the highest odds ratio of causing DILI. Some characteristics of KIs were significantly related to the production of DILI. And the average docking scores of KIs drugs were found to be significant different from other classes. Further analysis identified the top binding mitochondrial proteins for KIs, which may help with the study of the mechanism of DILI. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable.


Praxis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 99 (21) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruggisser ◽  
Terraciano ◽  
Rätz Bravo ◽  
Haschke

Ein 71-jähriger Patient stellt sich mit Epistaxis und ikterischen Skleren auf der Notfallstation vor. Der Patient steht unter einer Therapie mit Phenprocoumon, Atorvastatin und Perindopril. Anamnestisch besteht ein langjähriger Alkoholabusus. Laborchemisch werden massiv erhöhte Leberwerte (ALAT, Bilirubin) gesehen. Der INR ist unter oraler Antikoagulation und bei akuter Leberinsuffizienz >12. Die weiterführenden Abklärungen schliessen eine Virushepatitis und eine Autoimmunhepatitis aus. Nachdem eine Leberbiopsie durchgeführt werden kann, wird eine medikamentös-toxische Hepatitis, ausgelöst durch die Komedikation von Atorvastatin, Phenprocoumon und Perindopril bei durch Alkohol bereits vorgeschädigter Leber diagnostiziert. Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie und Klink der medikamentös induzierten Leberschäden (drug induced liver injury, DILI), speziell von Coumarinen, Statinen und ACE-Hemmern werden im Anschluss an den Fallbericht diskutiert.


Hepatology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay H. Hoofnagle

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Agne ◽  
K Rifai ◽  
HH Kreipe ◽  
MP Manns ◽  
F Puls

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