scholarly journals Conversion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste into solid fuel via hydrothermal carbonization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlian Eriska ◽  
Kania Dewi ◽  
Enri Damanhuri ◽  
Ari Darmawan Pasek
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Mixture Component ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Solid Load

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is thermochemical process that can convert wet biomass into coal-like material. In this study, a series of HTC experiments was done. In the first stage targeted to obtain the process condition for mixture component. The process conditions comprised temperature, solid load, and holding time. Five typical components were used as representative pseudo-components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Each of substrates was carried out on the prototype HTC reactor. Process condition took place tempera- ture at 190, 210 and 230 oC, with a holding time (30 and 60 minutes) and feed to water ratio (0.1, 0,2, 0.3). The result from first stage showed that the optimum process condition for mixture component were temperature 215 oC, 55 minutes, and solid load 0.16. The process conditions were applied for next stage. In the second stage, mixture component comprised 15% fruit peel, 10% food waste, 10% of office paper, 30% leaves, and 35% sawdust were used as feedstock. Model to determine process condition for mixture component and also to predict high heating value have been developed. The fuel characteristics and combustion behavior of HTC-derived hydrochars were eval- uated. Hydro-thermal carbonization of waste gave high heating value (HHV) with value of 20.24 MJ/kg higher than its raw 16.42 MJ/kg.

Characteristics of Products from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Bamboo

2014 ◽  
Vol 654 ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Hua Wu ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Zhen Fang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Derivatives Of

Hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo was conducted at 300-370 °C for 1 h. Products in solid, oil, aqueous and gaseous phases were collected and studied. More than 20% carbon was water-soluble. Oil phase was mainly hydroxylated derivatives of benzene. Hydrochars were composed of many microspheres in morphology, with carbon content of 72.1-81.0%. Around 50-60% of carbon in bamboo remained in hydrochars. High heating value of hydrochars was 1.3-1.6 folds of original bamboo. The hydrochars had higher antioxidative stability than pyrolysis biochar.

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of hydrochars from macadamia nut shell via hydrothermal carbonization

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 181126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyu Fan ◽  
Zongling Yang ◽  
Han Li ◽  
Zhengjun Shi ◽  
Huan Kan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production

Macadamia nut shell (MNS) is a type of waste lignocellulose obtained from macadamia nut production processing. Large MNS wastes caused serious resource waste and environmental pollution. So, preparation of hydrochars from MNS via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is of great significance. HTC of MNS was conducted to study the effect of process parameters, including HTC temperature (180–260°C) and residence time (60–180 min) on the properties of hydrochars. Results showed that the increase in HTC temperature and residence time decreased the mass yield of hydrochars and increased the high heating value of hydrochars. Furthermore, the C content of hydrochars increased, whereas the H and O contents decreased. Mass yield of hydrochar is 46.59%, energy yield is 64.55% and the higher heating value is 26.02 MJ kg −1 at a temperature of 260°C and time of 120 min. The surface structure of hydrochars was rougher compared with that of MNS as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and combustion behaviour of MNS and hydrochars was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that decarboxylation and dehydration reactions were the predominant pathways during the HTC process. Results showed that HTC can facilitate the transformation of MNS into solid fuel.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Neel Patel ◽  
Bishnu Acharya ◽  
Prabir Basu
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Liquid Slurry ◽  
Work Done

Waste seaweed that is collected at coastal regions of maritime provinces in Canada is creating ecological problems as it promotes an anoxic event, which produces nearly zero dissolved oxygen in water along with hydrogen sulfide emission. The work done in this study attempts to address this issue by producing a coal-like solid hydrochar and nutritious liquid slurry (processed water) by employing a rather recent thermo-chemical process called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the seaweed. The HTC was carried out in a batch reactor system for three different reaction temperatures, 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and three different reaction times, 30, 60, and 120 min. Each of the produced hydrochars was characterized by different analytical methods. The effects of the process conditions on the yield and the properties of the hydrochar and process water were examined. The hydrochar produced at 220 °C and 120 min showed the highest carbon content (48.5%) and heating value (18.93 MJ/kg). The energy density and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the hydrochar increased significantly as compared to raw seaweed. Moreover, HTC reduced the ash yield and volatile compounds of the seaweed. Thus, hydrochar can be used as a fuel for direct combustion, in soil remediation, or in carbon sequestration applications.

scholarly journals Assessment of Renewable Alternatives to Coal, Based on Their High Heating Value and Global Warming Potential

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
V. Dhivakhar ◽  
Maju Varghese ◽  
Keerthi M. S. ◽  
S. Kaviya
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Green House Gas ◽  
High Heating

About 40% of the Global Electricity produced is fuelled by coal. Although Coal has various advantages like good High Heating Value, easy availability etc., it also has various disadvantages. Green House Gas Released from Coal Thermal Power Plants is the single major contributor to Global warming. Coal is also nonrenewable. Hence it is important to analyze the viability of potential alternatives and reduce the usage of coal. In this assessment, various potential replacements of coal have been analyzed based on their High heating value (HHV) and their Global Warming Potential. The Global warming Potential (GWP) of the assessed fuels have been calculated by the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Factor method. Hence a direct comparison between Coal and other replacements based on their HHV and GWP has been performed.

scholarly journals Potensi Penerapan Energi Terbarukan Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Kemandirian Desa: Studi Kasus Desa Lendang Nangka Lombok Timur

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shafwan Amrullah
Keyword(s):  
Air Flow ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating

Desa saat ini didorong menjadi desa mandiri, baik dalam bidang energi maupun ekonomi dengan mengimplementasikan energi terbarukan untuk meningkatkan kemandirian energi sebagai salah satu langkah meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi penggunaan energi terbarukan seperti Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), dan Konversi Energi Gasifikasi di desa Lendang Nangka, Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data baik dari BMKG dan pengujian secara langsung menggunakan alat Air Flow Anemometer GM8902 untuk mengetahui kecepatan angin dan DIGITAL TECHNOMETER LX-1010B untuk mengetahui intensitas cahaya matahari. Selain itu dilakukan wawancara kepada pengusaha kecil dan menengah untuk mengetahui penggunaan energi dalam menyokong proses produksinya. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi PLTB yang dapat diemplementasikan adalah PLTB sekala kecil dengan daya sekitar 23,4-632,88 kWh/turbin. Untuk potensi PLTS menghasilkan daya sebesar 410-566 kWh per meter persegi panel surya. Untuk potensi PLTA, turbin yang cocok adalah turbin ukuran kecil dengan potensi daya sekitar 0,3024-2,2194 kWh. Sedangkan untuk potensi penggunaan converter energi jenis gasifikasi dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar tidak terbarukan sekaligus menghemat biaya porduksi. Sebab, nilai High Heating Value gas sintetik yang dihasilkan 1,7 kali lebih besar daripada pembakaran langsung dengan kayu.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Arauzo ◽  
Maciej Olszewski ◽  
Andrea Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Higher Temperature

Hydrochar is a very interesting product from agricultural and food production residues. Unfortunately, severe conditions for complete conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary, especially compared to the conversion of sugar compounds. The goal of this work is to improve the conversion of internal carbohydrates by application of a two-steps process, by acid addition and slightly higher water content. A set of experiments at different temperatures (180, 200, and 220 °C), reaction times (2 and 4 h), and moisture contents (80% and 90%) was performed to characterize the solid (high heating value (HHV), elemental) and liquid product phase. Afterwards, acid addition for a catalyzed hydrolysis reaction during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and a two-steps reaction (180 and 220 °C) were tested. As expected, a higher temperature leads to higher C content of the hydrochar and a higher fixed carbon (FC) content. The same effect was found with the addition of acids at lower temperatures. In the two-steps reaction, a primary hydrolysis step increases the conversion of internal carbohydrates. Higher water content has no significant effect, except for increasing the solubility of ash components.

scholarly journals Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Using Pyrolysis: Palestine as Case of Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Mahmoud Assad ◽  
Tareq Salameh ◽  
Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
West Bank ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating

The first industrial-scale pyrolysis plant for solid tire wastes has been installed in Jenin, northern of the West Bank in Palestine, to dispose of the enormous solid tire wastes in the north of West Bank. The disposable process is an environmentally friendly process and it converts tires into useful products, which could reduce the fuel crisis in Palestine. The gravimetric analysis of tire waste pyrolysis products from the pyrolysis plant working at the optimum conditions is: tire pyrolysis oil (TPO): 45%, pyrolysis carbon black (PCB): 35%, pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas): 10% and steel wire: 10%. These results are depending on the tire type and size. It has been found that the produced pyrolysis oil has a High Heating Value (HHV), with a range of 42 − 43   ( MJ / kg ) , which could make it useful as a replacement for conventional liquid fuels. The main disadvantage of using the TPO as fuel is its strong acrid smell and its low flash point, as compared with the other conventional liquid fuels. The produced pyrolysis carbon black also has a High Heating Value (HHV) of about 29 (MJ/kg), which could also encourage its usage as a solid fuel. Carbon black could also be used as activated carbon, printers’ ink, etc. The pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas) obtained from waste tires mainly consist of light hydrocarbons. The concentration of H2 has a range of 30% to 40% in volume and it has a high calorific value (approximately 31   MJ / m 3 ), which can meet the process requirement of energy. On the other hand, it is necessary to clean gas before the burning process to remove H2S from Pyro-Gas, and hence, reduce the acid rain problem. However, for the current plant, some recommendations should be followed for more comfortable operation and safer environment work conditions.

Producing a high heating value and weather resistant solid fuel via briquetting of blended wood residues and thermoplastics

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 119263
Author(s):  
Bing Song ◽  
Martin Cooke-Willis ◽  
Beatrix Theobald ◽  
Peter Hall
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
High Heating

scholarly journals Fast analysis of high heating value and elemental compositions of sorghum biomass using near-infrared spectroscopy

Energy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 1353-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Ling Zhou ◽  
Michael Brady ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
Jianming Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Elemental Compositions ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating

scholarly journals CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BIOMASSAS PARA A BRIQUETAGEM

FLORESTA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Aleixo Silva ◽  
Gabriela Tami Nakashima ◽  
João Lúcio Barros ◽  
Alessandra Luzia Da Roz ◽  
Fabio Minoru Yamaji
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
High Heating

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a produção de briquetes feita a partir de quatro diferentes biomassas residuais. Foram utilizados os resíduos de serragem de Eucalyptus sp, serragem de Pinus sp, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) e palha de cana-de-açúcar. Os resíduos foram tratados para que obtivessem 12% de umidade e uma granulometria inferior a 1,70 mm. Foram produzidos 15 briquetes para cada um dos quatro tratamentos. A pressão utilizada foi de 1250 kgf.cm-2 durante 30 segundos. Os briquetes obtiveram densidades que oscilaram 0,88 a 1,11 g.cm-3. Isto representou uma faixa de 5 a 14 vezes a menos de ocupação de volume para uma mesma quantidade de massa. O poder calorifico foi de 19.180 J.kg-1 e 20.315 J.kg-1 para as serragens de eucalipto e pinus respectivamente. Para o bagaço e palha de cana os valores foram de 18.541 J.kg-1 e 15.628 J.kg-1. A palha da cana-de-açúcar apresentou um teor de cinzas de 12%. As expansões dos tratamentos oscilaram 4 a 9% e as resistências mecânicas variaram de 1,215 MPa à 0,270 MPa. Todos os briquetes se mostraram resistentes para um empilhamento superior a 10 m de altura. O procedimento adotado pode ajudar a diminuir o espaço de estocagem e de transporte. AbstractThis research aims to characterize the production of briquettes from four different biomasses. We used residues such as Eucalyptus sp sawdust, Pinus sp sawdust , sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.) and sugarcane straw. The residues were treated to obtain 12% moisture content and particle size less than 1.70 mm. We produced 15 briquettes for each treatment. The pressure used was 1250 kgf.cm-2 for 30 seconds. The briquettes obtained densities ranged from 0.88 to 1.11 g.cm-3. This represented a range of 5 to 14 times less volume occupancy for the same amount of mass. The high heating value (HHV) was 19,180 J.kg-1 and 20,315 J.kg-1 for eucalyptus and pine sawdust respectively. The HHV for the bagasse was 18,541 J.kg-1 and for straw was 15,628 J.kg-1. The straw presented an ash content of 12%. The expansions of the treatments ranged 4 to 9% and mechanical resistances ranging from 1,215 MPa to 0,270 MPa. All briquettes were resistant to a higher stacking to 10 m high. The methods can help to decrease the space of storage and transport.Keywords: Waste; biofuel; energy; compression; stacking.

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