Preparation and properties of hydrochars from macadamia nut shell via hydrothermal carbonization

Macadamia nut shell (MNS) is a type of waste lignocellulose obtained from macadamia nut production processing. Large MNS wastes caused serious resource waste and environmental pollution. So, preparation of hydrochars from MNS via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is of great significance. HTC of MNS was conducted to study the effect of process parameters, including HTC temperature (180–260°C) and residence time (60–180 min) on the properties of hydrochars. Results showed that the increase in HTC temperature and residence time decreased the mass yield of hydrochars and increased the high heating value of hydrochars. Furthermore, the C content of hydrochars increased, whereas the H and O contents decreased. Mass yield of hydrochar is 46.59%, energy yield is 64.55% and the higher heating value is 26.02 MJ kg −1 at a temperature of 260°C and time of 120 min. The surface structure of hydrochars was rougher compared with that of MNS as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and combustion behaviour of MNS and hydrochars was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that decarboxylation and dehydration reactions were the predominant pathways during the HTC process. Results showed that HTC can facilitate the transformation of MNS into solid fuel.

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Conversion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste into solid fuel via hydrothermal carbonization

10.31227/osf.io/q3ar6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Herlian Eriska ◽

Kania Dewi ◽

Enri Damanhuri ◽

Ari Darmawan Pasek

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Process Condition ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Mixture Component ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Organic Fraction ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating ◽

Solid Load

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is thermochemical process that can convert wet biomass into coal-like material. In this study, a series of HTC experiments was done. In the first stage targeted to obtain the process condition for mixture component. The process conditions comprised temperature, solid load, and holding time. Five typical components were used as representative pseudo-components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Each of substrates was carried out on the prototype HTC reactor. Process condition took place tempera- ture at 190, 210 and 230 oC, with a holding time (30 and 60 minutes) and feed to water ratio (0.1, 0,2, 0.3). The result from first stage showed that the optimum process condition for mixture component were temperature 215 oC, 55 minutes, and solid load 0.16. The process conditions were applied for next stage. In the second stage, mixture component comprised 15% fruit peel, 10% food waste, 10% of office paper, 30% leaves, and 35% sawdust were used as feedstock. Model to determine process condition for mixture component and also to predict high heating value have been developed. The fuel characteristics and combustion behavior of HTC-derived hydrochars were eval- uated. Hydro-thermal carbonization of waste gave high heating value (HHV) with value of 20.24 MJ/kg higher than its raw 16.42 MJ/kg.

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Impact of Pretreatment on Hydrothermally Carbonized Spruce

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13112984 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2984

Author(s):

Anna Partridge ◽

Ekaterina Sermyagina ◽

Esa Vakkilainen

Keyword(s):

Treated Wood ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Mass Yield ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Heating Value ◽

Lignin Extraction

Upgrading biomass waste streams can improve economics in wood industries by adding value to the process. This work considers use of a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process for the residual feedstock after lignin and hemicelluloses extraction. Batch experiments were performed at 200–240 °C temperatures and three hours residence time with an 8:1 biomass to water ratio for two feedstocks: Raw spruce and spruce after lignin extraction. The proximate analysis and heating value showed similar results for both feedstocks, indicating that the thermochemical conversion is not impacted by the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses; the pretreatment processing slightly increases the heating value of the treated feedstock, but the HTC conversion process produces a consistent upgrading trend for both the treated and untreated feedstocks. The energy yield was 9.7 percentage points higher for the treated wood on average across the range temperatures due to the higher mass yield in the treated experiments. The energy densification ratio and the mass yield were strongly correlated with reaction temperature, while the energy yield was not. Lignocellulosic composition of the solid HTC product is mainly affected by HTC treatment, the effect of lignin extraction is negligible.

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Characteristics of Products from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Bamboo

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 654 ◽

pp. 7-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xue Hua Wu ◽

Jia Luo ◽

Hua Wang ◽

Zhen Fang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating ◽

Derivatives Of

Hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo was conducted at 300-370 °C for 1 h. Products in solid, oil, aqueous and gaseous phases were collected and studied. More than 20% carbon was water-soluble. Oil phase was mainly hydroxylated derivatives of benzene. Hydrochars were composed of many microspheres in morphology, with carbon content of 72.1-81.0%. Around 50-60% of carbon in bamboo remained in hydrochars. High heating value of hydrochars was 1.3-1.6 folds of original bamboo. The hydrochars had higher antioxidative stability than pyrolysis biochar.

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Effect of torrefaction temperature on energy properties of spent coffee ground

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202018703009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 187 ◽

pp. 03009

Author(s):

Natthanant Bangkha ◽

Wanphut Saechua ◽

Tharathip Nuamyakul ◽

Jiraporn Sripinyowanich Jongyingcharoen

Keyword(s):

Heating Rate ◽

Enhancement Factor ◽

Regression Models ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Spent Coffee Ground ◽

Coffee Ground ◽

High Heating ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of torrefaction temperature on 4 energy properties as high heating value (HHV), enhancement factor, solid yield, and energy yield of spent coffee ground (SCG). Four different torrefaction temperatures (200, 250, 300, and 350°C) were selected. Torrefaction process was conducted at the heating rate of 10°C/min. HHV and enhancement factor were the highest when SCG was torrefied at the highest temperature of 350°C. However, at this temperature, solid and energy yields were the lowest. Torrefaction temperature highly affected these four energy properties with R of higher than 0.9. Regression models representing the relationship between torrefaction temperature and HHV and energy yield were HHV = 0.0519T+15.917, R2 = 0.9483 and energy yield = -0.2743T+155.1, R2 = 0.9976. These models are helpful for prediction of the energy properties of SCG undergoing torrefaction process in the studied temperature range.

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Assessment of Renewable Alternatives to Coal, Based on Their High Heating Value and Global Warming Potential

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-v4-i3-003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

V. Dhivakhar ◽

Maju Varghese ◽

Keerthi M. S. ◽

S. Kaviya

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Power Plants ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Thermal Power Plants ◽

Major Contributor ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Green House Gas ◽

High Heating

About 40% of the Global Electricity produced is fuelled by coal. Although Coal has various advantages like good High Heating Value, easy availability etc., it also has various disadvantages. Green House Gas Released from Coal Thermal Power Plants is the single major contributor to Global warming. Coal is also nonrenewable. Hence it is important to analyze the viability of potential alternatives and reduce the usage of coal. In this assessment, various potential replacements of coal have been analyzed based on their High heating value (HHV) and their Global Warming Potential. The Global warming Potential (GWP) of the assessed fuels have been calculated by the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Factor method. Hence a direct comparison between Coal and other replacements based on their HHV and GWP has been performed.

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Potensi Penerapan Energi Terbarukan Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Kemandirian Desa: Studi Kasus Desa Lendang Nangka Lombok Timur

Energi & Kelistrikan ◽

10.33322/energi.v13i1.868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Shafwan Amrullah

Keyword(s):

Air Flow ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating

Desa saat ini didorong menjadi desa mandiri, baik dalam bidang energi maupun ekonomi dengan mengimplementasikan energi terbarukan untuk meningkatkan kemandirian energi sebagai salah satu langkah meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi penggunaan energi terbarukan seperti Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), dan Konversi Energi Gasifikasi di desa Lendang Nangka, Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data baik dari BMKG dan pengujian secara langsung menggunakan alat Air Flow Anemometer GM8902 untuk mengetahui kecepatan angin dan DIGITAL TECHNOMETER LX-1010B untuk mengetahui intensitas cahaya matahari. Selain itu dilakukan wawancara kepada pengusaha kecil dan menengah untuk mengetahui penggunaan energi dalam menyokong proses produksinya. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi PLTB yang dapat diemplementasikan adalah PLTB sekala kecil dengan daya sekitar 23,4-632,88 kWh/turbin. Untuk potensi PLTS menghasilkan daya sebesar 410-566 kWh per meter persegi panel surya. Untuk potensi PLTA, turbin yang cocok adalah turbin ukuran kecil dengan potensi daya sekitar 0,3024-2,2194 kWh. Sedangkan untuk potensi penggunaan converter energi jenis gasifikasi dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar tidak terbarukan sekaligus menghemat biaya porduksi. Sebab, nilai High Heating Value gas sintetik yang dihasilkan 1,7 kali lebih besar daripada pembakaran langsung dengan kayu.

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Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11113226 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3226 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Pablo Arauzo ◽

Maciej Olszewski ◽

Andrea Kruse

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Acid Addition ◽

Spent Grains ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Higher Temperature

Hydrochar is a very interesting product from agricultural and food production residues. Unfortunately, severe conditions for complete conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary, especially compared to the conversion of sugar compounds. The goal of this work is to improve the conversion of internal carbohydrates by application of a two-steps process, by acid addition and slightly higher water content. A set of experiments at different temperatures (180, 200, and 220 °C), reaction times (2 and 4 h), and moisture contents (80% and 90%) was performed to characterize the solid (high heating value (HHV), elemental) and liquid product phase. Afterwards, acid addition for a catalyzed hydrolysis reaction during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and a two-steps reaction (180 and 220 °C) were tested. As expected, a higher temperature leads to higher C content of the hydrochar and a higher fixed carbon (FC) content. The same effect was found with the addition of acids at lower temperatures. In the two-steps reaction, a primary hydrolysis step increases the conversion of internal carbohydrates. Higher water content has no significant effect, except for increasing the solubility of ash components.

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Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Magnesium Chloride for Solid Fuel Production

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8040444 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 444 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Samuel Carrasco ◽

Javier Silva ◽

Ernesto Pino-Cortés ◽

Jaime Gómez ◽

Fidel Vallejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Solid Fuel ◽

Magnesium Chloride ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Mass Yield

The effect of magnesium chloride as an additive of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass (Pinus radiata sawdust) was studied. The HTC tests were carried out at fixed conditions of temperature and residence time of 220 °C and 1 h, respectively, and varying the dose of magnesium chloride in the range 0.0–1.0 g MgCl2/g biomass. The carbonized product (hydrochar) was tested in order to determine its calorific value (HHV) while using PARR 6100 calorimeter, mass yield by gravimetry, elemental analysis using a LECO TruSpec elemental analyzer, volatile matter content, and ash content were obtained by standardized procedures using suitable ovens for it. The results show that using a dose of 0.75 g MgCl2/g biomass results in an impact on the mass yield that was almost equal to change operating conditions from 220 to 270 °C and from 0.5 to 1 h, without additive. Likewise, the calorific value increases by 33% for this additive dose, resulting in an energy yield of 68%, thus generating a solid fuel of prominent characteristics.

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Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Using Pyrolysis: Palestine as Case of Study

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071817 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1817 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ramez Abdallah ◽

Adel Juaidi ◽

Mahmoud Assad ◽

Tareq Salameh ◽

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

West Bank ◽

The Other ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Heating Value ◽

Waste Tires ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating

The first industrial-scale pyrolysis plant for solid tire wastes has been installed in Jenin, northern of the West Bank in Palestine, to dispose of the enormous solid tire wastes in the north of West Bank. The disposable process is an environmentally friendly process and it converts tires into useful products, which could reduce the fuel crisis in Palestine. The gravimetric analysis of tire waste pyrolysis products from the pyrolysis plant working at the optimum conditions is: tire pyrolysis oil (TPO): 45%, pyrolysis carbon black (PCB): 35%, pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas): 10% and steel wire: 10%. These results are depending on the tire type and size. It has been found that the produced pyrolysis oil has a High Heating Value (HHV), with a range of 42 − 43 ( MJ / kg ) , which could make it useful as a replacement for conventional liquid fuels. The main disadvantage of using the TPO as fuel is its strong acrid smell and its low flash point, as compared with the other conventional liquid fuels. The produced pyrolysis carbon black also has a High Heating Value (HHV) of about 29 (MJ/kg), which could also encourage its usage as a solid fuel. Carbon black could also be used as activated carbon, printers’ ink, etc. The pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas) obtained from waste tires mainly consist of light hydrocarbons. The concentration of H2 has a range of 30% to 40% in volume and it has a high calorific value (approximately 31 MJ / m 3 ), which can meet the process requirement of energy. On the other hand, it is necessary to clean gas before the burning process to remove H2S from Pyro-Gas, and hence, reduce the acid rain problem. However, for the current plant, some recommendations should be followed for more comfortable operation and safer environment work conditions.

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