scholarly journals Designing well-connected marine reserves for climate-change resilience with low socio-economic costs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
OCTO
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Planktonic Larvae ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
And Performance

The theory behind networks of marine reserves is that they allow protected pathways for species to grow and maintain populations through their lifecycle - from where individuals begin their lives (typically as planktonic larvae) to where they disperse and live later as adults. Individual reserves - patches of protected habitat - are linked together, often by oceanic currents, with organisms moving between the reserves. Connections between marine reserves in a common area can be explored with graph theory: visualizing ecological networks much like a concept map. The ocean is warming due to climate change. Warming water has effects on larval physiology of at least some species, including shortening the larval development period, and thus shortening larval dispersal distance. These changes could theoretically compromise the connectivity and performance of marine reserve networks, thus requiring adjusting their design to account for ocean warming.The authors used the Midriff Islands Region in the Gulf of California, Mexico as a case study to examine the effects of ocean warming on the ability of planktonic larvae to spread amongst reserves. The Midriff Islands Region features a counter-clockwise gyre in the spring and summer months, which reverses in the fall and winter. As such, larval dispersal changes depending on the time of year and where a reserve is located in relation to the center of the gyre.

Modeling no-take marine reserves in regulated fisheries: assessing the role of larval dispersal

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2509-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey R. McGilliard ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
The Impact

We explored the effects of larval dispersal distance on the impact of no-take marine reserves (NTMRs) implemented in fisheries with catch regulations. NTMRs exist in many fisheries with harvest regulated by annual catch limits. In these fisheries, catch is taken from outside NTMRs, potentially resulting in reduced abundance outside NTMRs and an overall reduction in catch. We used a spatial model with two life stages (larvae and adults) to evaluate the effects of larval dispersal distance for fisheries managed by a total allowable catch (TAC) and an NTMR. We examined effects of the timing of density-dependent mortality in relation to larval movement. Abundance reached similar values for populations with long and short larval dispersal distances. Catch declined substantially for stocks with short larval dispersal distances. When larval dispersal distances were long, catch declined to values below maximum sustainable yield (MSY), but stabilized. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) declined to 9% of CPUE at MSY for stocks with short distance larval dispersal after the implementation of an NTMR; with long distance larval dispersal, CPUE declined to approximately 50% or less of the CPUE at MSY. The CPUE did not reflect trends in abundance after the implementation of an NTMR.

scholarly journals Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Designating New Zealand Marine Reserves: a Case Study of the Designation of the Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) Marine Reserve and Marine Reserves Designated Under the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Mize
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Marine Management

<p>In recent years, marine reserves (areas of the sea where no fishing is allowed) have enjoyed increased popularity with scientists and agencies charged with management of ocean and coastal resources. Much scientific literature documents the ecological and biological rationale for marine reserves, but scholars note the most important consideration for successful establishment reserves is adequate involvement of the relevant stakeholders in their designation. Current guidance for proponents of marine reserves suggests that to be successful, reserves should be designated using "bottom-up" processes favouring cooperative management by resource-dependent stakeholders, as opposed to "top-down" approaches led by management agencies and international conservation organizations. However, there is a dearth of guidance as to how to identify relevant stakeholders, and what constitutes adequate engagement. New Zealand provides a unique opportunity for study of the two different approaches, with examples on both ends of the spectrum. The recent establishment of the Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) Marine Reserve under the designation framework provided by the Marine Reserves Act 1971 demonstrates a "top-down" approach; the designation of eight marine reserves as a component of the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005, legislation that marks the culmination of a lengthy community stakeholder negotiation process, demonstrates a corresponding "bottom-up" design. A comparison of the two approaches elicits issues relevant to managers in considering designation approaches to follow in comparable situations elsewhere. In this thesis, the author identifies and categorizes potential stakeholders by applying a framework modified from World Conservation Union ("IUCN") stakeholder assessment processes adopted for terrestrial reserves and guidance for establishing marine protected areas. The researcher describes the two designation processes using a case study methodology, relying on secondary research materials and primary data from targeted interviews. The analysis considers relative relevance of the groups using a stakeholder model developed in the corporate social responsibility movement of the management field. In closing, the author proposes a heuristic model for managers to use when analysing stakeholder dynamics in future marine reserve designations when considering whether to use a "top-down" or "bottom-up" approach.</p>

scholarly journals Designing connected marine reserves in the face of global warming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gabriel Álvarez-Romero ◽  
Adrián Munguía-Vega ◽  
Maria Beger ◽  
Maria del Mar Mancha-Cisneros ◽  
Alvin N. Suárez-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Reserve Design ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Larval Connectivity ◽  
Graph Theoretical Approach ◽  
Reserve Networks

Marine reserves are widely used to protect species important for conservation and fisheries and to help maintain ecological processes that sustain their populations, including recruitment and dispersal. Achieving these goals requires well-connected networks of marine reserves that maximize larval connectivity, thus allowing exchanges between populations and recolonization after local disturbances. However, global warming can disrupt connectivity by shortening potential dispersal pathways through changes in larval physiology. These changes can compromise the performance of marine reserve networks, thus requiring adjusting their design to account for ocean warming. To date, empirical approaches to marine prioritization have not considered larval connectivity as affected by global warming. Here, we develop a framework for designing marine reserve networks that integrates graph theory and changes in larval connectivity due to potential reductions in planktonic larval duration (PLD) associated with ocean warming, given current socioeconomic constraints. Using the Gulf of California as case study, we assess the benefits and costs of adjusting networks to account for connectivity, with and without ocean warming. We compare reserve networks designed to achieve representation of species and ecosystems with networks designed to also maximize connectivity under current and future ocean-warming scenarios. Our results indicate that current larval connectivity could be reduced significantly under ocean warming because of shortened PLDs. Given the potential changes in connectivity, we show that our graph-theoretical approach based on centrality (eigenvector and distance-weighted fragmentation) of habitat patches can help design better-connected marine reserve networks for the future with equivalent costs. We found that maintaining dispersal connectivity incidentally through representation-only reserve design is unlikely, particularly in regions with strong asymmetric patterns of dispersal connectivity. Our results support previous studies suggesting that, given potential reductions in PLD due to ocean warming, future marine reserve networks would require more and/or larger reserves in closer proximity to maintain larval connectivity.

scholarly journals Modelling marine larval dispersal: a cautionary deep-sea tale for ecology and conservation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Ross ◽  
W. Alex M. Nimmo-Smith ◽  
Ricardo Torres ◽  
Kerry L. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Models ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Model Variability ◽  
Mean Current

AbstractLarval dispersal data are increasingly sought after in ecology and marine conservation, the latter often requiring information under time limited circumstances. Basic estimates of dispersal are often used in these situations acknowledging their oversimplified nature. Larval dispersal models (LDMs) are now becoming more popular and may be a tempting way of refining predictions, but prior to targeted groundtruthing their predictions are of unknown worth. This case study uses deep-sea LDMs to compare predictions of dispersal. Two LDMs driven by different example hydrodynamic models are compared, along with an informed estimate based on mean current speed and planktonic larval duration (PLD) to provide insight into predictive variability. LDMs were found to be more conservative in dispersal distance than an estimate. This difference increased with PLD which may result in a bigger disparity for deep-sea species predictions. Although LDMs were more spatially targeted than an estimate, the two LDM predictions were also significantly different from each other and would result in contrasting advice for marine conservation. These results show a greater potential for model variability than previously appreciated by ecologists and strongly advocates groundtruthing predictions before use in management. Advice is offered for improved model selection and interpretation of predictions.

Sewer storage tank performance under climate change

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Butler ◽  
B. McEntee ◽  
C. Onof ◽  
A. Hagger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
High Emission ◽  
High Emission Scenario ◽  
And Performance

This paper describes a study of the potential effects of climate change on the design and performance of sewer storage tanks. A long-term synthetic rainfall time-series has been derived based on the IPPC medium-high emission scenario for a case study in London. Results indicate a 35% increase in the number of storm events that cause filling of the tank and a 57% increase in the average volume of storage required. A method to estimate the required future storage volume for any given return period has been developed and described. Indications are that significantly larger storage volumes will be required to maintain the same level of flood protection.

Evidence for limited larval dispersal in black rockfish (Sebastes melanops): implications for population structure and marine-reserve design

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1723-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Miller ◽  
A L Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Reserve Design ◽  
Black Rockfish ◽  
Sebastes Melanops ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Few Data

Although dispersal distances of marine larvae influence gene flow and the establishment of population structure, few data on realized dispersal distances exist for marine species. We combined otolith microstructure and micro chemistry of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) to assess their potential to provide relative estimates of larval dispersal distance. In 2001 and 2002 we measured trace elements at discrete otolith regions, representing the (i) egg/early-larval, (ii) pelagic larval, and (iii) late-larval/early-juvenile periods of fish collected at three locations 120–460 km apart. Discriminant-function analyses based on geochemical signatures at each otolith region accurately grouped an average of 85% (jackknife =  67%) and 87% (jackknife = 81%) of the fish to collection location in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Age at collection ranged from 83 to 174 days and parturition dates within each site were spread over a 22- to 66-day period. Therefore, individuals within sites were not released at similar times. A probable explanation of these data is that larvae from different geographic locations did not mix during ontogeny and possibly did not disperse long distances alongshore. Larval dispersal distances may be appreciably shorter, <120 km, than previously assumed based on models of passive dispersal.

scholarly journals Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Designating New Zealand Marine Reserves: a Case Study of the Designation of the Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) Marine Reserve and Marine Reserves Designated Under the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James Mize
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Marine Management

<p>In recent years, marine reserves (areas of the sea where no fishing is allowed) have enjoyed increased popularity with scientists and agencies charged with management of ocean and coastal resources. Much scientific literature documents the ecological and biological rationale for marine reserves, but scholars note the most important consideration for successful establishment reserves is adequate involvement of the relevant stakeholders in their designation. Current guidance for proponents of marine reserves suggests that to be successful, reserves should be designated using "bottom-up" processes favouring cooperative management by resource-dependent stakeholders, as opposed to "top-down" approaches led by management agencies and international conservation organizations. However, there is a dearth of guidance as to how to identify relevant stakeholders, and what constitutes adequate engagement. New Zealand provides a unique opportunity for study of the two different approaches, with examples on both ends of the spectrum. The recent establishment of the Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) Marine Reserve under the designation framework provided by the Marine Reserves Act 1971 demonstrates a "top-down" approach; the designation of eight marine reserves as a component of the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005, legislation that marks the culmination of a lengthy community stakeholder negotiation process, demonstrates a corresponding "bottom-up" design. A comparison of the two approaches elicits issues relevant to managers in considering designation approaches to follow in comparable situations elsewhere. In this thesis, the author identifies and categorizes potential stakeholders by applying a framework modified from World Conservation Union ("IUCN") stakeholder assessment processes adopted for terrestrial reserves and guidance for establishing marine protected areas. The researcher describes the two designation processes using a case study methodology, relying on secondary research materials and primary data from targeted interviews. The analysis considers relative relevance of the groups using a stakeholder model developed in the corporate social responsibility movement of the management field. In closing, the author proposes a heuristic model for managers to use when analysing stakeholder dynamics in future marine reserve designations when considering whether to use a "top-down" or "bottom-up" approach.</p>

Hydrological classification and performance of Himalayan springs in climate change scenario – a case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-608
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar Rathi ◽  
Shobha Ram ◽  
Rohitashw Kumar ◽  
Avinash Agarwal ◽  
R. K. Nema
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Spring Flow ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate 33 springs' hydrology (discharge and yield estimation) of Chandrabhaga and Danda watersheds of Uttarakhand, India. The springs were classified using Meinzer method and evaluated the relative performance for rejuvenation strategy. It was found that most of springs fall in sixth and seventh class order with flow rate 6.5 to 65.5 and 0.8 to 6.5 m3·day−1, respectively. The relative performance of springs were analyzed based on four methods: (i) spring flow variability, (ii) normalized spring flow (short and long duration), (iii) rainfall spring flow lag and (iv) spring flow gradient. The relative results of springs were analyzed on a scale of 0–5. The Chandrabhaga springs 01, 03, 4B, 05, 06 and 13 were found to be relatively good on a scale value of 4 out of 5 as compared to springs 4A, 07, and 10A with a scale value of 1. For the Danda watershed, the relative performance of springs 4A and 28 found on scale value of 5 and springs 4B, 11 and 20 with a scale value of 4 are relatively good compared to springs 02, 06, 07, 15 and 17. The cumulative flow of spring showed a linear response with cumulative rainfall for the period of June to September (monsoon period). The spring-shed was delineated and evaluated for optimization for the maximum efficiency, spring flow, ratio of area and relief versus maximum spring flow yield. The results revealed that the quantification of water fluxes for water balances, storage of groundwater and development of mathematical models can be used for sustainable water resources development and to revive the mountain springs which helped the adverse impacts of climate change.

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