scholarly journals A review of the fossil record of non-baenid turtles of the clade Paracryptodira

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Joyce ◽  
Jérémy Anquetin

The fossil record of non-baenid paracryptodires ranges from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) tothe Paleocene of North America and Europe only. Earlier remains may be present as early as the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian). Only a single dispersal event is documented between the two continents following their breakup during the Cretaceous in the form of the appearance of the Compsemys lineage in the Paleocene of France. Non-baenid paracryptodires were restricted to freshwater aquatic environments, but display adaptations to diverse feeding strategies consistent with generalist, gape-and-suction, and hypercarnivorous feeding. Current phylogenies recognize two species rich subclades within Paracryptodira, Baenidae and Pleurosternidae, which jointly form the clade Baenoidea. A taxonomic review of non-baenid paracryptodires concludes that of 34 named taxa, 11 are nomina valida, 15 nomina invalida, and 8 nomina dubia.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Anquetin ◽  
Christian Püntener ◽  
Walter G. Joyce

The Late Jurassic (Oxfordian to Tithonian) fossil record of Europe and South America has yielded a particularly rich assemblage of aquatic pan-cryptodiran turtles that are herein tentatively hypothesized to form a monophyletic group named Thalassochelydia. Thalassochelydians were traditionally referred to three families, Eurysternidae, Plesiochelyidae, and Thalassemydidae, but the current understanding of phylogenetic relationships is insufficient to support the monophyly of either group. Given their pervasive usage in the literature, however, these three names are herein retained informally. Relationships with marine turtles from the Cretaceous have been suggested in the past, but these hypotheses still lack strong character support. Thalassochelydians are universally found in near-shore marine sediments and show adaptations to aquatic habitats, but isotopic evidence hints at a broad spectrum of specializations ranging from freshwater aquatic to fully marine. A taxonomic review of the group concludes that of 68 named taxa, 27 are nomina valida, 18 are nomina invalida, 18 are nomina dubia, and 5 nomina oblita.


2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1257-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Joyce ◽  
Juliana Sterli ◽  
Sandra D. Chapman

The fossil record of solemydid turtles is primarily based on isolated fragments collected from Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous sediments throughout North America and Europe and little is therefore known about the morphology and evolutionary history of the group. We here provide a detailed description of the only known near-complete solemydid skeleton, which was collected from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Antlers Formation of Texas during the mid-twentieth century, but essentially remains undescribed to date. Though comparison is limited, the skeleton is referred toNaomichelys speciosa, which is based on an isolated entoplastron from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Kootenai (Cloverly) Formation of Montana. The absence of temporal emarginations, contribution of the jugals to the orbits, and a clear subdivision of the middle and inner cavities, and the presence of elongate postorbitals, posteriorly expanded squamosals, a triangular fossa at the posterior margin of the squamosals, an additional pair of tubercula basioccipitale that is formed by the pterygoids, foramina pro ramo nervi vidiani (VII) that are visible in ventral view, shell sculpturing consisting of high tubercles, a large entoplastron with entoplastral scute, V-shaped anterior peripherals, and limb osteoderms with tubercular sculpture diagnoseNaomichelys speciosaas a representative of Solemydidae. The full visibility of the parabasisphenoid complex in ventral view, the presence of an expanded symphyseal shelf, and the unusual ventromedial folding of the coronoid process are the primary characteristics that distinguishNaomichelys speciosafrom the near-coeval European taxonHelochelydra nopcsai.


2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (13) ◽  
pp. 3447-3452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Brusatte ◽  
Alexander Averianov ◽  
Hans-Dieter Sues ◽  
Amy Muir ◽  
Ian B. Butler

Tyrannosaurids—the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus—were the apex predators in continental ecosystems in Asia and North America during the latest Cretaceous (ca. 80–66 million years ago). Their colossal sizes and keen senses are considered key to their evolutionary and ecological success, but little is known about how these features developed as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 million years ago). This is largely because of a frustrating 20+ million-year gap in the mid-Cretaceous fossil record, when tyrannosauroids transitioned from small-bodied hunters to gigantic apex predators but from which no diagnostic specimens are known. We describe the first distinct tyrannosauroid species from this gap, based on a highly derived braincase and a variety of other skeletal elements from the Turonian (ca. 90–92 million years ago) of Uzbekistan. This taxon is phylogenetically intermediate between the oldest basal tyrannosauroids and the latest Cretaceous forms. It had yet to develop the giant size and extensive cranial pneumaticity of T. rex and kin but does possess the highly derived brain and inner ear characteristic of the latest Cretaceous species. Tyrannosauroids apparently developed huge size rapidly during the latest Cretaceous, and their success in the top predator role may have been enabled by their brain and keen senses that first evolved at smaller body size.


2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim W.H. Monger

The boundary between rocks assigned to the Intermontane superterrane in the interior of the Canadian Cordillera and those of the Insular superterrane in the westernmost Cordillera of British Columbia and southeastern Alaska lies within/along the Coast Mountains, in which is exposed the core of an orogen that emerged as a discrete tectonic entity between 105 and 45 million years ago. Evidence from the Coast Mountains and flanking areas indicates that parts of the Intermontane superterrane (in Stikinia and Yukon-Tanana terranes) were near those of the Insular superterrane (Wrangellia and Alexander terranes) by the Early Jurassic (~180 Ma). This timing, as well as paleobiogeographic and paleomagnetic considerations, appears to discount a recent hypothesis that proposes westward-dipping subduction beneath an intra-oceanic arc on Insular superterrane resulted in arc-continent collision and inaugurated Cordilleran orogenesis in the Late Jurassic (~146 Ma). The hypothesis also relates the subducted ocean that had separated the superterranes to a massive, faster-than-average-velocity seismic anomaly in the lower mantle below the eastern seaboard of North America. To create such an anomaly, subduction of the floor of a large ocean was needed. The only surface record of such an ocean in the interior of the Canadian Cordillera is the Cache Creek terrane, which lies within the Intermontane superterrane but is no younger than Middle Jurassic (~174 Ma). This terrane, together with the probably related Bridge River terrane in the southeastern Coast Mountains, which is as young as latest Middle Jurassic (164 Ma) and possibly as young as earliest Cretaceous (≥ 130 Ma), appear to be the only candidates in Canada for the possible surface record of the seismic anomaly.  SOMMAIRELa limite entre les roches assignées au Superterrane d’intermont de l’intérieur des Cordillères canadiennes et celles du Superterrane insulaire dans la portion la plus à l’ouest de la Cordillère de Colombie-Britannique et du sud-est de l’Alaska se trouvent dans et au long de la Chaîne côtière, au sein de laquelle affleure le noyau d’un orogène qui est apparu comme entité tectonique distincte entre 105 et 45 millions d’années.  Des indices de la Chaîne côtière et des régions environnantes montrent que des portions du Superterrane d’intermont (dans les terranes de Stikinia et de Yukon-Tanana) se trouvaient alors près de celles du Superterrane insulaire (terranes de Wrangellia et d’Alexander) au début du Jurassique (~180 Ma).  Cette chronologie, ajoutée à certains facteurs paléobiogéographiques et paléomagnétiques semblent discréditer une hypothèse récente voulant qu’une subduction à pendage ouest sous un arc intra-océanique sur le Superterrane insulaire résultait d’une collision entre un arc et le continent, initiant ainsi l’orogénèse de la Cordillère à la fin du Jurassique (~146 Ma).  Cette hypothèse relie aussi l’océan subduit qui séparait les superterranes à une anomalie de vitesse sismique plus rapide que la normale dans le manteau inférieur sous le littoral maritime oriental de l’Amérique du Nord.  Pour créer une telle anomalie, la subduction du plancher d’un grand océan était nécessaire.  La seule indication de surface de l’existence d’un tel océan à l’intérieur de la Cordillère canadienne est le terrane de Cache Creek qui, bien qu’il se trouve dans le Superterrane d’intermont, est plus ancien que le Jurassique moyen (~174 Ma).  Ce terrane, avec son équivalent probable de Bridge River dans le sud-est de la Chaîne côtière, qui est aussi jeune que la fin du Jurassique (164 Ma) et peut-être aussi jeune que le début du Crétacé (≥ 130 Ma), semblent être les seuls candidats au Canada offrant des vestiges en surface de cette anomalie sismique. 


1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2002-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale A. Russell

Dinosaurian biogeography may have been largely controlled by the Mesozoic fragmentation of Pangea and the reassembly of its fragments into a new, boreal supercontinent (Laurasia). Although Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs were globally distributed, Chinese assemblages were dominated by endemic forms from Middle Jurassic into Early Cretaceous time. The affinities of Aptian – Albian immigrants to Asia were strongest with North America and Europe rather than Gondwana, indicating that the northern and southern hemispheres had by then attained their biogeographic identity. This distinctiveness was maintained through Cretaceous time. Europe seems to have been a buffer area between Paleolaurasia and Gondwana; of the northern continents it was the most strongly influenced by Gondwana dispersants. Late Jurassic dinosaur assemblages in North America exhibited Gondwana affinities, but by Late Cretaceous time they were dominated by forms of Asian ancestry.


2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-227
Author(s):  
Rafael Royo-Torres ◽  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Pedro Mocho ◽  
Luis Alcalá

Abstract Turiasauria is a non-neosauropod eusauropod clade of dinosaurs known since 2006, when the description of Turiasaurus was published. This group, including Losillasaurus, was originally thought to have been restricted to the Late Jurassic of Spain. However, over the last decade, our knowledge of this group has improved with the discovery of new taxa such as Zby from the Portuguese Late Jurassic, Tendaguria from the Tanzanian Late Jurassic and Mierasaurus and Moabosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of the USA. Here, we describe a new specimen of Losillasaurus from Spain, which allows us to better understand the character variation in the cranial and postcranial skeleton. The review of some sauropod fauna of Madagascar, and inclusion of some specimens of Turiasauria, suggest that this clade might have arisen in the Middle Jurassic. According to our phylogenetic results, a specimen found in the early 19th century in Madagascar is shown to be the oldest and only member of Turiasauria represented in the Middle Jurassic thus far. This is named Narindasaurus thevenini gen. & sp. nov.. Turiasauria is thus known from the Middle Jurassic in Pangaea, diversified in the Late Jurassic in Gondwana and Laurasia, and dispersed during the Early Cretaceous to North America.


2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Yang Cai ◽  
Evgeny V. Yan ◽  
Robert Beattie ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Di-Ying Huang

The first two rove beetle fossils discovered from the Late Jurassic Talbragar Fish Bed in New South Wales, Australia are described and illustrated.Juroglypholoma talbragarensen. sp. is the second fossil record for one of the smallest and latest recognized staphylinid subfamily Glypholomatinae. The other staphylinid,Protachinus minorn. gen. n. sp., is an unusual member of extant subfamily Tachyporinae (tribe Tachyporini). It significantly retains several distinct features, including entire epistomal suture, and abdominal tergites III–VI each with a pair of basolateral ridges. The discovery of a new glypholomatine in Australia, together with recently reported one from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou biota of China, suggests the subfamily Glypholomatinae was probably much more widespread in the Jurassic than previously thought.


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10647
Author(s):  
Valentin Fischer ◽  
Robert Weis ◽  
Ben Thuy

Even though a handful of long-lived reptilian clades dominated Mesozoic marine ecosystems, several biotic turnovers drastically changed the taxonomic composition of these communities. A seemingly slow paced, within-geological period turnover took place across the Early–Middle Jurassic transition. This turnover saw the demise of early neoichthyosaurians, rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurians and early plesiosauroids in favour of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurians and cryptoclidid and pliosaurid plesiosaurians, clades that will dominate the Late Jurassic and, for two of them, the entire Early Cretaceous as well. The fossil record of this turnover is however extremely poor and this change of dominance appears to be spread across the entire middle Toarcian–Bathonian interval. We describe a series of ichthyosaurian and plesiosaurian specimens from successive geological formations in Luxembourg and Belgium that detail the evolution of marine reptile assemblages across the Early–Middle Jurassic transition within a single area, the Belgo–Luxembourgian sub-basin. These fossils reveal the continuing dominance of large rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurians, microcleidid plesiosaurians and Temnodontosaurus-like ichthyosaurians up to the latest Toarcian, indicating that the structuration of the upper tier of Western Europe marine ecosystems remained essentially constant up to the very end of the Early Jurassic. These fossils also suddenly record ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurians and cryptoclidid plesiosaurians by the early Bajocian. These results from a geographically-restricted area provide a clearer picture of the shape of the marine reptile turnover occurring at the early–Middle Jurassic transition. This event appears restricted to the sole Aalenian stage, reducing the uncertainty of its duration, at least for ichthyosaurians and plesiosaurians, to 4 instead of 14 million years.


1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 257-257
Author(s):  
Dale A. Russell

What is known of dinosaurian biogeography suggests a centre of evolution first on a fragmenting Pangea-Gondwana and then on a consolidating Laurasia. By Cretaceous time members of Gondwanan low-latitude abelisaur-titanosaur assemblages often bore “back-fans,” while those in polar latitudes were relictual and/or highly derived. The time of last contact between South America and Africa is not well constrained, but links to Antarctica continued beyond the end of the Cretaceous. Many Gondwanan tetrapods appear to have waif-dispersed to Laurasia across southern Europe; few crossed in the opposite direction until the end of the period. Laurasian assemblages were then typically dominated by tyrannosaurids and hadrosaurids.Land masses (“lost worlds”) periodically became isolated from Gondwana-Laurasia. (1) Eastern Asia was isolated between middle Jurassic through Neocomian time, although related temnospondyls and carnosaurs may have co-existed in Austral regions. Mamenchisaurs were the dominant giant terrestrial herbivores, while whip-tailed diplodocids filled the same role in Pangea. Groups of European-North American affinity then replaced many Asian endemics in a manner reminiscent of the Neogene mammalian turnover in South America. (2) In North America. Late Jurassic dinosaur assemblages exhibited Gondwana affinities, but by Late Cretaceous time they were dominated by forms of Asian ancestry. The apparent low diversity of Aptian-Albian dinosaur assemblages and absence of well-marked endemism may have been the result of a brief period of isolation. (3) European archipelagos were a filter bridge between northern lands and Gondwana analogous to the East Indies, which separate comparably different modern biotas in southeast Asia and Australia. (4) During Barremian time India probably hosted an polar dinosaurian assemblage, but low-latitude Gondwana forms (abelisaurids, titanosaurids) were present during at least part of this interval. Isolation ended with the immigration of northern taxa in Maestrichtian time.Underexplored Mesozoic horizons of great biogeographic interest include (1) the Middle Jurassic-Neocomian of China for microvertebrate materials, (2) the pre-Maestrichtian Cretaceous of India, and (3) the post-Cenomanian of Africa, Australia and Antarctica. Paradoxically, the two recently discovered dinosaurian specimens of the latter age in Antarctica, which represent about as much biogeographic information as all described materials of similar age from Africa combined (none are known from Australia), are presently referred to families with Laurasian distributions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-553
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Frederickson ◽  
Brian M. Davis

AbstractWe report the first occurrence of an actinopterygian fish from the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, discovered in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah, U.S.A. The site contains multiple individuals, preserved within an interdune deposit, possessing the elongate modified dorsal scales usually characterizing semionotiform fishes. The presence of moderately sized fish provides further evidence that interdune oases were occasionally persistent environmental habitats within the greater Navajo dune system, and that the paleobiota is still woefully undersampled. Additionally, this site could help fill a gap in the actinopterygian fossil record between the patchy Lower Jurassic and better-known Middle Jurassic documentation of western North America.


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