scholarly journals Brief Inductions in Episodic Past or Future Thinking: Effects on Episodic Detail and Problem-Solving

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Hallford ◽  
Anna Carmichael ◽  
David W. Austin ◽  
Sam Dax ◽  
Meg Coulston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Narrative Generation ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Memory Disruption ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility

Episodic specificity inductions, involving brief training in recollecting episodic details, have been shown to improve subsequent performance on tasks involving remembering the past, imagining the future and problem solving. The current study examined if specificity inductions targeting self-referential past or future episodic thinking would have dissociable effects on generating past and future episodic detail and problem solving. Sixty-three participants were randomised to either a past self-referential or future self-referential episodic induction. All participants also completed a control task. Participants randomised to the self-referential future thinking induction generated more episodic details on past and future narrative tasks compared to a control task, whereas participants randomised to a self-referential past thinking induction showed similar performance to the control task. When examining within-group performance of participants randomised to the past or future induction, we found some evidence of dissociable effects of inductions on narrative generation tasks, but not on problem solving outcomes. Our findings suggest that self-referential inductions may be useful for increasing episodic specificity, but that the temporal distance and direction of the induction matters. We discuss our results in the context of the potential clinical utility of this approach for populations vulnerable to autobiographical memory disruption.

scholarly journals Remembering the past and imagining the future: Identifying and enhancing the contribution of episodic memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L Schacter ◽  
Kevin P Madore
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Past Experiences

Recent studies have shown that imagining or simulating future events relies on many of the same cognitive and neural processes as remembering past events. According to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, such overlap indicates that both remembered past and imagined future events rely heavily on episodic memory: future simulations are built on retrieved details of specific past experiences that are recombined into novel events. An alternative possibility is that commonalities between remembering and imagining reflect the influence of more general, non-episodic factors such as narrative style or communicative goals that shape the expression of both memory and imagination. We consider recent studies that distinguish the contributions of episodic and non-episodic processes in remembering the past and imagining the future by using an episodic specificity induction—brief training in recollecting the details of a past experience—and also extend this approach to the domains of problem solving and creative thinking. We conclude by suggesting that the specificity induction may target a process of event or scene construction that contributes to episodic memory as well as to imagination, problem solving, and creative thinking.

Truth Matters: Cognitive Integrity as an Intervention for Self-Deception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Isabel Gorlin ◽  
Michael W. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adaptive Problem

To live well in the present, we take direction from the past. Yet, individuals may engage in a variety of behaviors that distort their past and current circumstances, reducing the likelihood of adaptive problem solving and decision making. In this article, we attend to self-deception as one such class of behaviors. Drawing upon research showing both the maladaptive consequences and self-perpetuating nature of self-deception, we propose that self-deception is an understudied risk and maintaining factor for psychopathology, and we introduce a “cognitive-integrity”-based approach that may hold promise for increasing the reach and effectiveness of our existing therapeutic interventions. Pending empirical validation of this theoretically-informed approach, we posit that patients may become more informed and autonomous agents in their own therapeutic growth by becoming more honest with themselves.

Republican conception of liberty in early republican Turkey and its contemporary implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 429-439
Author(s):  
Boğaç Erozan
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Initial Failure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Early Republican

Established in 1923, Turkey has been a republic without a dominant republican conception of liberty. A chance to install such a conception was missed in the early republican period and never recaptured. The republic was unable to get rid of vestiges of the authoritarian tradition of the past. Centuries-old authoritarian tradition persisted well into the recent and the contemporary periods. Presenting ample evidence, the article underlines the weight of history and the legacy of authoritarian mentality that promoted the use of authority, not liberty, in political problem-solving. The initial failure to abandon an authoritarian problem-solving approach proved fateful for the chances of the deepening of democracy in Turkey.

The Effects of Level of Knowledge upon Human Problem Solving in a Process Control Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 690-694
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Morris ◽  
William B. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Dynamic System ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Stable Manner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Written Test ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Human Problem

The question of what the operator of a dynamic system needs to know was investigated in an experiment using PLANT, a generic simulation of a process. Knowledge of PLANT was manipulated via different types of instructions, so that four different groups were created: 1) Minimal instructions only; 2) Minimal instructions + guidelines for operation (Procedures); 3) Minimal instructions + dynamic relationships (Principles); 4) Minimal instructions + Procedures + Principles. Subjects then controlled PLANT in a variety of familiar and unfamiliar situations. Despite the fact that these manipulations resulted in differences in subjects' knowledge as assessed via a written test at the end of the experiment, instructions had no effect upon achievement of the primary goal of production; however, those groups receiving Procedures controlled the system in a more stable manner. Principles had no apparent effect upon subjects' performance. There was no difference between groups in diagnosis of unfamiliar events.

scholarly journals Memory and reflection

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (spe2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Chienkuo Mi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Analects ◽  
Normative Status ◽  
Previous Learning

Abstract: I have argued that the Analects of Confucius presents us with a conception of reflection with two components, a retrospective component and a perspective component. The former component involves hindsight or careful examination of the past and as such draws on previous learning or memory and previously formed beliefs to avoid error. The latter component is foresight, or forward looking, and as such looks to existing beliefs and factors in order to achieve knowledge. In this paper, I raise the problem of forgetting and argue that most of contemporary theories of knowledge have to face the problem and deal with the challenge seriously. In order to solve the problem, I suggest a bi-level virtue epistemology which can provide us with the best outlook for the problem-solving. I will correlate two different cognitive capacities or processes of “memory” (and “forgetting”) with the conception of reflection, and evaluate them under two different frameworks, a strict deontic framework (one that presupposes free and intentional determination) and a more loosely deontic framework (one that highlights functional and mechanical faculties). The purpose is to show that reflection as meta-cognition plays an important and active role and enjoys a better epistemic (normative) status in our human endeavors (cognitive or epistemic) than those of first-order (or animal) cognition, such as memory, can play.

scholarly journals Episodic memory and future thinking during early childhood: Linking the past and future

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 552-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Cuevas ◽  
Vinaya Rajan ◽  
Katherine C. Morasch ◽  
Martha Ann Bell
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
The Past

Mountain Descent1

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
K. B. E. E. Eimeleus
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
The Past

This chapter deals with skiing down. It requires practice, agility, determination, and quick problem-solving skills, because a fortuitous outcome on the descent often relies on proficient control over one's skis. In the past, there were two methods for skiing down, although one is already outmoded; nonetheless, it is worthwhile to become acquainted with both. The first one is risky, because if one breaks a pole during the process, they are bound to fall. Thus, this first method is only used on very hard snow. Another style, formulated in the Telemark region of Norway, is embraced universally these days wherever skiing is practiced as a form of sport.

Scaling Up an Organization

Innovating ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Perez-Breva ◽  
Nick Fuhrer
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

Organizations don’t just grown on their own. You build them, and you may end up building multiple organizations, each one atop the previous one. The scale-up logic is straightforward: You present what you did (the past) to motivate where you will go (the future), but what you work on is the middle (the present). Most emerging organizations fail because they build for the future having ignored the entire present. But you don’t have to worry about whether a decision is optimal for that rosy future—it just needs to work today. As you build the next organization, you’ll reuse parts from the old one and you’ll get to implement everything you’ve learned. Growth and scale-up work like problem solving: no one cares how you first came up with the solution. The organization that systematizes your current innovation prototype is your first big milestone.

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