scholarly journals Attentional biases in depression: Relation to disorder severity, rumination, and anhedonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Krings ◽  
Alexandre Heeren ◽  
Philippe Fontaine ◽  
Sylvie Blairy
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Exogenous Cueing ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
The One

Introduction: According to cognitive models of depression, selective attentional biases (ABs) for mood-congruent information are core vulnerability factors of depression maintenance. However, findings concerning the presence of these biases in depression are mixed. This study aims to clarify the presence of these ABs among individuals with clinical and subclinical depression. Method: We compared three groups based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview and a depressive symptoms scale (BDI-II): 34 individuals with major depressive disorder (clinically depressed); 35 with a dysphoric mood but without the criteria of major depressive disorder (i.e., subclinically depressed), and 26 never been depressed individuals. We examined AB for sad and happy materials in three modified versions of the exogenous cueing task using scenes, facial expressions, and words. Brooding, anhedonia, and anxiety were also evaluated. Results: In contrast to our hypotheses, there were no ABs for negative or positive information, regardless of the task and the groups. Neither the association between AB toward negative information and brooding nor the one between AB away from positive stimuli and anhedonia was significant. Bayes factors analyses revealed that the present pattern of findings does not result from a lack of statistical power.Discussion: Our results raise questions about how common AB is in depression. From a theoretical point of view, because individuals with depression did not exhibit AB, our results also seemingly challenge the claim that AB figures prominently in the maintenance of depression. We believe the present null results to be particularly useful for future meta-research in the field.

Comorbidity of DSM–III–R Major Depressive Disorder in the General Population: Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Kessler ◽  
C. B. Nelson ◽  
K. A. McGonagle ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Swartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
The Us

General population data are presented on the prevalence and correlates of comorbidity between DSM–III–R major depressive disorder (MDD) and other DSM–III–R disorders. The data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey, a large general population survey of persons aged 15–54 years in the non-institutionalised civilian population. Diagnoses are based on a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The analysis shows that most cases of lifetime MDD are secondary, in the sense that they occur in people with a prior history of another DSM–III–R disorder. Anxiety disorders are the most common primary disorders. The time-lagged effects of most primary disorders on the risk of subsequent MDD continue for many years without change in magnitude. Secondary MDD is, in general, more persistent and severe than pure or primary MDD. This has special public health significance because lifetime prevalence of secondary MDD has increased in recent cohorts, while the prevalence of pure and primary depression has remained unchanged.

scholarly journals Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelieke M. Roest ◽  
Ymkje Anna de Vries ◽  
Ali Al-Hamzawi ◽  
Jordi Alonso ◽  
Olatunde O. Ayinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Externalising Disorders ◽  
Days Out Of Role ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by a recurrent course and high comorbidity rates. A lifespan perspective may therefore provide important information regarding health outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders that preceded 12-month MDD diagnosis and the impact of these disorders on depression outcomes. Methods Data came from 29 cross-sectional community epidemiological surveys of adults in 27 countries (n = 80 190). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess 12-month MDD and lifetime DSM-IV disorders with onset prior to the respondent's age at interview. Disorders were grouped into depressive distress disorders, non-depressive distress disorders, fear disorders and externalising disorders. Depression outcomes included 12-month suicidality, days out of role and impairment in role functioning. Results Among respondents with 12-month MDD, 94.9% (s.e. = 0.4) had at least one prior disorder (including previous MDD), and 64.6% (s.e. = 0.9) had at least one prior, non-MDD disorder. Previous non-depressive distress, fear and externalising disorders, but not depressive distress disorders, predicted higher impairment (OR = 1.4–1.6) and suicidality (OR = 1.5–2.5), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. Further adjustment for MDD characteristics weakened, but did not eliminate, these associations. Associations were largely driven by current comorbidities, but both remitted and current externalising disorders predicted suicidality among respondents with 12-month MDD. Conclusions These results illustrate the importance of careful psychiatric history taking regarding current anxiety disorders and lifetime externalising disorders in individuals with MDD.

Pre-adult versus adult onset major depressive disorder in a naturalistic patient sample: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1407-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. van Noorden ◽  
S. E. Minkenberg ◽  
E. J. Giltay ◽  
M. E. den Hollander-Gijsman ◽  
Y. R. van Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Outcome Monitoring

BackgroundPre-adult onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) may predict a more severe phenotype of depression. As data from naturalistic psychiatric specialty care settings are scarce, we examined phenotypic differences between pre-adult and adult onset MDD in a large sample of consecutive out-patients.MethodAltogether, 1552 out-patients, mean age 39.2±11.6 years, were diagnosed with current MDD on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus diagnostic interview as part of the usual diagnostic procedure. A total of 1105 patients (71.2%) had complete data on all variables of interest. Pre-adult onset of MDD was defined as having experienced the signs and symptoms of a first major depressive episode before the age of 18 years. Patients were stratified according to the age at interview (20–40/40–65 years). Correlates of pre-adult onset were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for age, age squared and gender.ResultsUnivariate analyses showed that pre-adult onset of MDD had a distinct set of demographic (e.g. less frequently living alone) and clinical correlates (more co-morbid DSM-IV – Text Revision diagnoses, more social phobia, more suicidality). In the multivariate model, we found an independent association only for a history of suicide attempts [odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.97–5.05] and current suicidal thoughts (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.26–2.60) in patients with pre-adult versus adult onset MDD.ConclusionsPre-adult onset of MDD is associated with more suicidality than adult onset MDD. Age of onset of depression is an easy to ascertain characteristic that may help clinicians in weighing suicide risk.

scholarly journals Attentional biases and the persistence of sad mood in major depressive disorder.

2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Clasen ◽  
Tony T. Wells ◽  
Alissa J. Ellis ◽  
Christopher G. Beevers
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Sad Mood

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Progress in Two Serotonergic Targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Chidiebere Michael Iro ◽  
Rami Hamati
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
The One

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted, debilitating condition affecting over 300 million people worldwide. It contributes significantly to social, psychological and economic burdens on individuals and on society at large. Currently, the most widely prescribed antidepressant medications are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which act by blocking serotonin (5-HT) reuptake into presynaptic neurons, thereby increasing the extracellular 5-HT concentration in the brain. However, response to SSRIs and other psychotropic medications used to treat depression is highly variable, with only about one third of patients responding to treatment with an SSRI. This may reflect, at least in part, the genetic heterogeneity of depressed individuals. Studies investigating the genetic components of depression aim to improve treatment outcomes and possibly pave the way for personalized medicine in which the first medication prescribed is the one most likely to result in remission. This review presents the results of several studies on two 5-HT related genes: SLC6A4 and HTR2A, which encode for the serotonin transporter and the serotonin-2A receptor, respectively. Extensive studies have demonstrated that possessing two copies of the long allele (L/L) of the SLC6A4 gene can predict better responses to the SSRI Escitalopram. However, this finding was significant only in the Caucasian population. In addition to this, several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HTR2A gene also predict clinical outcome, although molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, the results indicate that while there is significant potential for predicting treatment response associated with these and other genetic targets, there is much work left to be done to establish conclusive evidence for and feasibility of pharmacogenetic testing.

Somatic Symptoms in a Community Sample of Ethiopian Immigrants in Toronto, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
H. Fenta ◽  
I. Hyman ◽  
S. Noh ◽  
S. Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Immigrants And Refugees ◽  
Ethiopian Immigrants ◽  
Migration Trauma

Objective:This study examines the occurrence and correlates of somatization in a sample of adult Ethiopian immigrants and refugees residing n Toronto, Canada.Methods:A random sample of 342 adult (≥ 18 years of age) Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto completed structured face-to-face interviews. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Somatization Disorder Module was used to collect data on somatic symptoms. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess major depression and generalized anxiety disorder.Results:Nearly two-thirds of the study participants reported having had at least one somatic symptom, and 5% reported experiencing medically unexplained symptoms in the 12 months preceding the interview. Individuals with major depression had significantly increased number of somatic symptoms compared to those without major depressive disorder. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, controlling for major depressive disorder, a higher level of somatization was associated with older age, pre-migration trauma, and post-migration stressful life events, and limited English proficiency.Conclusion:The findings of the study suggest that somatic symptoms are prevalent among individuals in cross-cultural transition and symptom level was associated with pre-migration trauma, post-migration stressors and mental disorder, particularly depressive disorder. The data also indicate a need for primary care physicians to routinely screen immigrant minority clients who present with somatic complaints for common and treatable psychiatric conditions, such as depression. In minority immigrant communities, somatic symptoms may reflect psychiatric problems.

scholarly journals Validity of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205031211664390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana R Quiñones ◽  
Stephen M Thielke ◽  
Michael E Clark ◽  
Kristin M Phillips ◽  
Christine Elnitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Post Traumatic

Objectives: Optimal depression screening necessitates measurement tools that are valid across varied populations and in the presence of comorbidities. Methods: This study assessed the test properties of two versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale against psychiatric diagnoses established by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview among a clinical sample of US Veterans deployed during Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn. Participants (N = 359) recruited from two Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals completed a clinical interview, structured diagnostic interview, and self-reported measures. Results: Based on diagnostic interview and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition criteria, 29.5% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder and 26.5% met diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Both Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 scales performed well and almost identically against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-major depressive disorder in identifying Veterans with major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve 91%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 area under the ROC curve 90%). Overall, higher cut points for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales performed better in correctly identifying true positives and true negatives for major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 cut point 18+ sensitivity 92% specificity 72%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 cut point 10+ sensitivity 92% specificity 69%). Conclusions: The specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales was poor among Veterans with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (13% and 16%). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder who have a positive depression screen should have a more thorough assessment of mental health symptoms and comorbidities, rather than immediate diagnosis of and treatment for depression.

Influence of Temperamental and Character Traits on Antidepressant Response in Patients Affected by Major Depressive Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S507-S507
Author(s):  
V. Prisco ◽  
C. Di Puorto ◽  
M. Fabrazzo
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Predictors Of Response ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Antidepressive Treatment

Several studies have been conducted to evaluate personality characteristics in patients affected by major depressive disorder. Temperamental and character traits may help clinicians to identify responders to antidepressive therapy. The aim of our study was to evaluate these characteristics as possible predictive indices of response to SSRIs or SNRIs. A cohort of 41 patients was included (30 F and 11 M), whose diagnosis was made according to DSM-IV criteria. Subjects were interviewed using the HAM-D and the HAM-A scale in basal condition (T0) and after 4 weeks (T1) of antidepressive treatment. Patients with a ≥ 50% reduction of HAM-D and HAM-A score, have been considered as responders, when compared to basal conditions. All subjects were in monotherapy and evaluated using the TCI-R scale. In patients affected by major depressive disorder, personality assessment was characterised, from a temperamental point of view, by high levels of Persistence and Reward Dependence and, from a character one, by high levels of Self Directiveness and Cooperativity. After 4 weeks of antidepressive treatment, responders to HAM-D had higher levels of Responsibility versus Guilt, which could be considered as a predictor of positive response to SSRIs or SNRIs. Conversely, responders to HAM-A showed higher values of Responsibility versus Guilt and of Safety versus Fear of uncertainty. These values were predictive of a recovery of anxious sintomatology associated with depressive disorder. Our results are in line with those reported in the literature, indicating that character dimensions “Self Directiveness” and “Cooperativity” could be important predictors of response to antidepressants.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Clarifying the role of neuroticism in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among women with major depressive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
pp. 2334-2344 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Rappaport ◽  
J. Flint ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Major Depressive

BackgroundPrior research consistently demonstrates that neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, but the association between neuroticism and suicidal behavior has been inconsistent. Whereas neuroticism is recommended as an endophenotype for suicidality, the association of neuroticism with attempted suicide warrants clarification. In particular, prior research has not distinguished between correlates of attempted suicide, correlates of suicidal ideation, and correlates of comorbid psychopathology.MethodsThe present study used the CONVERGE study, a sample of 5864 women with major depressive disorder (MD) and 5783 women without MD throughout China. Diagnoses, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Neuroticism was assessed with the neuroticism portion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.ResultsResults replicate prior findings on the correlates of suicidal ideation, particularly elevated neuroticism among individuals who report prior suicidal ideation. Moreover, as compared with individuals who reported having experienced only suicidal ideation, neuroticism was associated with decreased likelihood of having attempted suicide.ConclusionsThe association of neuroticism with suicidality is more complicated than has been previously described. Whereas neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, neuroticism may decrease risk for a suicide attempt among individuals with suicidal ideation. These results have implications for the assessment of risk for a suicide attempt among individuals who report suicidal ideation and addresses prior discordant findings by clarifying the association between neuroticism and attempted suicide.

One-Year Follow-up of Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder: Relationship between Clinical Variables and Abcb1 Gene Polymorphisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blázquez ◽  
P. Gassó ◽  
S. Mas ◽  
M. Plana ◽  
A. Lafuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Abcb1 Gene ◽  
One Year

Abstract Introduction: Differences in response to fluoxetine (FLX) may be influenced by certain genes that are involved in FLX transportation (ABCB1). We examined remission and recovery from the index episode in a cohort of patients treated with FLX, and also investigated associations between genetic variants in ABCB1 and remission, recovery, and suicide risk. Methods: This was a naturalistic 1-year follow-up study of 46 adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). At 12 months they underwent a diagnostic interview with the K-SADS-PL. Results: It was found that remission was around 69.5% and recovery 56.5%. Remission and recovery were associated with lower scores on the CDI at baseline, with fewer readmissions and suicide attempts, and with lower scores on the CGI and higher scores on the GAF scale. No relationship was found between ABCB1 and remission or recovery. However, a significant association was observed between the G2677T ABCB1 polymorphism and suicide attempts. Conclusion: Other factors such as stressful events, family support, and other genetic factors are likely to be involved in MDD outcome.

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