scholarly journals Sex Differences in Trust and Trustworthiness - A Meta-Analysis of the Trust Game and the Gift-Exchange Game

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olmo Van den Akker ◽  
Marcel A. L. M. van Assen ◽  
mark van vugt ◽  
Jelte M. Wicherts
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Meta Analyses

Do men and women differ in trusting behavior? This question is directly relevant to social, economic, and political domains, yet the answer remains elusive. In this paper, we present a meta-analytic review of the literature on sex differences in the trust game and a variant, the gift-exchange game. Informed by both evolutionary and cultural perspectives, we predicted men to be more trusting and women to be more trustworthy in these games. The trust game meta-analyses encompass 77 papers yielding 174 effect sizes based on 17,082 participants from 23 countries, while the gift-exchange game meta-analyses covered 15 papers reporting 35 effect sizes based on 1,362 participants from 19 countries. In the trust game, we found men to be more trusting than women, g = 0.22, but we found no significant sex difference in trustworthiness, g = 0.09. In the gift-exchange game we found no significant sex difference in trust, g = 0.15, yet we did find that men are more trustworthy than women, g = 0.33. The results of the meta-analyses show that the behavior in both games is inconsistent. It seems that when monetary transfers are multiplied men behave more cooperatively than women, but that there are no sex differences when such a multiplier is absent. This “male multiplier effect” is consistent with an evolutionary account emphasizing men’s historical role as resource provider. However, future research needs to substantiate this effect and provide a theoretical framework to explain it.

scholarly journals Sex differences in trust and trustworthiness: A meta-analysis of the trust game and the gift-exchange game

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 102329
Author(s):  
Olmo R. van den Akker ◽  
Marcel A.L.M. van Assen ◽  
Mark van Vugt ◽  
Jelte M. Wicherts
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
The Gift

scholarly journals Laboratory aggression and personality traits: A meta-analytic review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtland Hyatt ◽  
Amos Zeichner ◽  
Josh Miller
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Analytic Review

Among operationalizations of aggression, laboratory paradigms are unique in that they permit precise measurement of aggression while controlling for many possible confounds (e.g., levels of provocation). In the current undertaking, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relations between laboratory aggression and trait-based personality constructs thought to be among the most robust and consistent predictors of lab aggression, including traits from the predominant model of general personality (Big Five/Five Factor Model [FFM]), as well as personality disorder constructs including psychopathy, narcissism, and sadism. Our search yielded 54 usable studies containing 123 effect sizes. Random-effects models suggest that psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and low FFM Agreeableness are significant predictors of laboratory aggression with small to moderate effect sizes. Impulsivity and FFM Openness also showed significant relations, though they were smaller in magnitude. Thus, traits related to aggression outside of the laboratory also appear to be related to aggression in the laboratory. Suggestions are made for future research in this area, including an emphasis on causal mechanisms and methodological rigor.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analytic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Self Reports

Although sex difference in the mean level of depressive symptoms has been well established, the sex difference in genetic and environmental influences on adolescent depressive symptoms is unclear. The current study conducted a meta-analysis of twin studies on sex differences in self- and parent-reported adolescent depressive symptoms. For self-reports, genetic factors influenced adolescent depressive symptoms equally for boys and girls, accounting for 46% of variation, but shared environmental factors had stronger impacts on adolescent girls’ versus boys’ depressive symptoms (13% versus 1% of the variance). For parent-reports, genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental factors influenced adolescent depressive symptoms equally, with separate estimates of 34%, 35%, and 31%. The implications of sex difference in genetic and environmental etiologies of depressive symptoms are discussed.

scholarly journals Variability in the Results of Meta-Analysis as a Function of Comparing Effect Sizes Based on Scores From Noncomparable Measures: A Simulation Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Monte Carlo Study ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Methodological Advance ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Observed Score

Meta-analysis is a significant methodological advance that is increasingly important in research synthesis. Fundamental to meta-analysis is the presumption that effect sizes, such as the standardized mean difference (SMD), based on scores from different measures are comparable. It has been argued that population observed score SMDs based on scores from different measures A and B will be equal only if the conjunction of three conditions are met: construct equivalence (CE), equal reliabilities (ER), and the absence of differential test functioning (DTF) in all subpopulations of the combined populations of interest. It has also been speculated the results of a meta-analysis of SMDs might differ between circumstances in which the SMDs included in a meta-analysis are based on measures which all met the conjunction of these conditions and that in which the conjunction of these conditions is violated. No previous studies have tested this conjecture. This Monte Carlo study investigated this hypothesis. A population of studies comparing one of five hypothetical treatments with a placebo condition was simulated. The SMDs in these simulated studies were based on true scores from six hypothetical measures. The scores from some of these measures met the conjunction of CE, ER, and, the absence of DTF, while others failed to meet CE. Three meta-analyses were conducted using both fixed effects and random effects methods. The results suggested that the results of meta-analyses can vary to a practically significant degree when the SMDs were based on scores from measures failing to meet the CE condition. Implications for future research are considered.

scholarly journals A Meta-analysis of the Relation Between Math Anxiety and Math Achievement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Barroso ◽  
Colleen Marie Ganley ◽  
Amanda McGraw ◽  
Elyssa A Geer ◽  
Sara Ann Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Math Achievement ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Number System ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Statistics Anxiety ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses

Meta-analyses from the 1990s have previously established a significant, small-to-moderate, and negative correlation between math achievement and math anxiety. Since these publications, research has continued to investigate this relation with more diverse samples and measures. Thus, the goal of the present meta-analysis was to provide an update of the math anxiety-math achievement relation and its moderators. Analyzing 747 effect sizes accumulated from research conducted between 1992 and 2018, we found a small-to-moderate, negative, and statistically significant correlation (r = -.28) between math anxiety and math achievement. The relation was significant for all moderator subgroups, with the exception of the relation between math anxiety and assessments measuring the approximate number system. Grade level, math ability level, adolescent/adult math anxiety scales, math topic of anxiety scale, and math assessments were significant moderators of this relation. There is also a tendency for published studies to report significantly stronger correlations than unpublished studies but, overall, large, negative effect sizes are under-reported. Our results are consistent with previous findings of a significant relation between math anxiety and math achievement. This association starts in childhood, remains significant through adulthood, is smaller for students in grades 3 through 5 and postsecondary school, is larger for math anxiety than for statistics anxiety and for certain math anxiety scales, and is smaller for math exam grades and samples selected for low math ability. This work supports future research efforts to determine effective math achievement and math anxiety interventions, which may be most helpful to implement during childhood.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Family Violence and Self-Control in Adolescence: A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayouk E. Willems ◽  
Jian-bin Li ◽  
Anne M. Hendriks ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer
Keyword(s):  
Family Violence ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Low Self Control

Theoretical studies propose an association between family violence and low self-control in adolescence, yet empirical findings of this association are inconclusive. The aim of the present research was to systematically summarize available findings on the relation between family violence and self-control across adolescence. We included 27 studies with 143 effect sizes, representing more than 25,000 participants of eight countries from early to late adolescence. Applying a multi-level meta-analyses, taking dependency between effect sizes into account while retaining statistical power, we examined the magnitude and direction of the overall effect size. Additionally, we investigated whether theoretical moderators (e.g., age, gender, country), and methodological moderators (cross-sectional/longitudinal, informant) influenced the magnitude of the association between family violence and self-control. Our results revealed that family violence and self-control have a small to moderate significant negative association (r = -.191). This association did not vary across gender, country, and informants. The strength of the association, however, decreased with age and in longitudinal studies. This finding provides evidence that researchers and clinicians may expect low self-control in the wake of family violence, especially in early adolescence. Recommendations for future research in the area are discussed.

scholarly journals Social Support and Antibody Responses to Vaccination: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 567-574
Author(s):  
Bert N Uchino ◽  
Joshua Landvatter ◽  
Katherine Zee ◽  
Niall Bolger
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background Social support and social integration have been linked to lower rates of morbidity and mortality. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for such links need greater attention. Vaccine paradigms provide an integrative window into immune system involvement in the protective influence of social support/integration. Purpose The main aim of this article was to conduct a meta-analytic review of the association between social support/social integration and antibody responses to vaccines. Exploratory analyses also examined effect sizes and confidence intervals as a function of several factors to inform future research. Method A literature search was conducted using the ancestry approach and with PsycInfo, Medline, and the Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection by crossing the exact keywords of social support or social integration with vaccine or antibodies. The review identified nine studies with a total of 672 participants. Results The omnibus meta-analysis showed that social support/social integration was related to higher antibody levels following vaccination, but the average effect size was small and the lower bound of the confidence interval included zero (Zr = 0.06 [−.04, .15]). These results did not appear to differ much as a function of the operationalization of social relationships, participant age, or follow-up period, although effect sizes appeared larger for studies using a primary antigen. Conclusions These data provide some evidence that social support may be linked to antibody responses to vaccines. However, effect sizes are mostly small and zero overall effect cannot be ruled out. Future studies would benefit from larger sample sizes and greater consideration of methodological issues associated with secondary immune responses to antigen.

scholarly journals The anatomy of an award-winning meta-analysis: Recommendations for authors, reviewers, and readers of meta-analytic reviews

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piers Steel ◽  
Sjoerd Beugelsdijk ◽  
Herman Aguinis
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Outlier Identification ◽  
Business Studies ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Highly Cited

AbstractMeta-analyses summarize a field’s research base and are therefore highly influential. Despite their value, the standards for an excellent meta-analysis, one that is potentially award-winning, have changed in the last decade. Each step of a meta-analysis is now more formalized, from the identification of relevant articles to coding, moderator analysis, and reporting of results. What was exemplary a decade ago can be somewhat dated today. Using the award-winning meta-analysis by Stahl et al. (Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4):690–709, 2010) as an exemplar, we adopted a multi-disciplinary approach (e.g., management, psychology, health sciences) to summarize the anatomy (i.e., fundamental components) of a modern meta-analysis, focusing on: (1) data collection (i.e., literature search and screening, coding), (2) data preparation (i.e., treatment of multiple effect sizes, outlier identification and management, publication bias), (3) data analysis (i.e., average effect sizes, heterogeneity of effect sizes, moderator search), and (4) reporting (i.e., transparency and reproducibility, future research directions). In addition, we provide guidelines and a decision-making tree for when even foundational and highly cited meta-analyses should be updated. Based on the latest evidence, we summarize what journal editors and reviewers should expect, authors should provide, and readers (i.e., other researchers, practitioners, and policymakers) should consider about meta-analytic reviews.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Red on Perceived Attractiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470491880241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle K. Lehmann ◽  
Andrew J. Elliot ◽  
Robert J. Calin-Jageman
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Heterosexual Attraction ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Perceived Attractiveness

We conducted meta-analyses of studies that test the red-romance hypothesis, which is that the color red enhances heterosexual attraction in romantic contexts. For men rating women, we found a small, statistically significant effect ( d = 0.26 [0.12, 0.40], p = .0004, N = 2,961), with substantial heterogeneity, Q(44) = 172.5, pQ < .0001, I2 = 89% [82, 94], and equivocal results regarding the possibility of upward bias in the estimate. For women rating men, we found a very small effect ( d = 0.13 [0.01, 0.25], p = .03, N = 2,739), with substantial heterogeneity, Q(35) = 73.0, pQ = .0002, I2 = 53% [33, 80], and evidence of upward bias in the estimate. Moderator analyses suggest effect sizes may have declined over time (both genders), may be largest when an original shade of red is used (men only), and may be smaller in preregistered studies (women only). We present contrasting interpretations and suggestions for future research.

Overcoming Resistance Through Narratives: Findings from a Meta-Analytic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L Ratcliff ◽  
Ye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Narrative Persuasion ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Narrative Engagement ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying narrative persuasion, a growing body of theoretical and empirical work suggests that narratives reduce audience resistance, possibly via narrative engagement. To synthesize this research, we performed a two-part meta-analysis using three-level random-effects models. Part I focused on experimental studies that directly compared narratives and non-narratives on resistance. Based on 15 effect sizes from nine experimental studies, the overall effect size was d = −.213 (equivalent r = −.107; p &lt; .001), suggesting that narratives generated less resistance than non-narratives. Part II was a synthesis of studies of the relationship between narrative engagement and resistance, consisting of 63 effect sizes from 25 studies. Narrative engagement and resistance were negatively correlated (r = −.131; p &lt; .001), and this relationship was moderated by narrative message characteristics, including genre, length, medium, and character unit. Implications of our findings and directions for future research are discussed.

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