scholarly journals Object closure affects the strength of object-based attentional filtering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Nicora ◽  
Adam Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Flanker Paradigm ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Perceptual Objects ◽  
Line Condition ◽  
Singleton Target

Shifts of object-based attention (OBA) are affected by object closure in the double-rectangle cueing paradigm (Marino & Scholl, 2005). The effect of closure on object-based selection and attentional filtering strength have not previously been investigated. Using a modified flanker paradigm (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), we presented subjects either a set of vertically oriented rectangles (rectangle condition) or those same rectangles with the horizontal top/bottom of each rectangle removed (line condition). In Experiments 1 & 2, a centrally presented object was flanked by four identical objects. One end of the central (target containing) object was then exogenously cued. Subjects performed a letter discrimination task on a color singleton target letter appearing on the central object in the presence of flanker letters (on flanking objects) that were either compatible or incompatible with the target response. Experiment 1 (homogeneously rectangle or line objects) showed that OBA selection is strong when objects are closed, preventing flankers from influencing performance. Experiment 2 (spatial attention control) showed that closure does not affect performance without OBA selection. Experiments 3 (flanking line objects) and 4 (flanking rectangle objects) showed that both target & flanking objects play a role in attentional filtering of distracters. During object-based attentional selection, flanking (non-selected) perceptual objects may serve to confine the effects of distracters while target (selected) perceptual objects may serve to shield the target from the effects of distracters.

scholarly journals Attention extends beyond single words in beginning readers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Snell ◽  
Christophe Cauchi ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Bernard Lété
Keyword(s):  
Reading Development ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Flanker Paradigm ◽  
Common Notion

Abstract A common notion is that during the first stages of learning to read, attention is narrowly focused so as to encompass only a single or a few letters. In skilled adult readers, however, attention extends beyond single words. The latter is evidenced by faster recognition of words that have many letters in common with surrounding words, along with correlations between such integration effects and measures of attention. These premises suggest that the distribution of attention gradually increases as a function of reading skill, and that this progression can be mapped by measuring spatial integration effects across the course of reading development. The latter was undertaken in the present study, in which we employed the flanker paradigm combined with the lexical decision task. Children in grades 1―6 (N = 113) were shown central target words flanked by various types of orthographically related and unrelated flanking stimuli. Against expectations, significant effects of flanker relatedness on word recognition speed were found in the youngest children, and this effect was not modulated by reading age. Our results challenge the notion that attention is focused on single letters in beginning readers, and instead suggest that, from the earliest stages of reading development, orthographic processing can extend beyond single words.

Online learning of task-driven object-based visual attention control

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1130-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Borji ◽  
Majid Nili Ahmadabadi ◽  
Babak Nadjar Araabi ◽  
Mandana Hamidi
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Object Based

Stimulus Ratio Effects on Speech Discrimination by Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Adults And Children

This investigation examined the response strategies and discrimination accuracy of adults and children aged 5–10 as the ratio of same to different trials was varied across three conditions of a “change/no-change” discrimination task. The conditions varied as follows: (a) a ratio of one-third same to two-thirds different trials (33% same), (b) an equal ratio of same to different trials (50% same), and (c) a ratio of two-thirds same to one-third different trials (67% same). Stimuli were synthetic consonant-vowel syllables that changed along a place of articulation dimension by formant frequency transition. Results showed that all subjects changed their response strategies depending on the ratio of same-to-different trials. The most lax response pattern was observed for the 50% same condition, and the most conservative pattern was observed for the 67% same condition. Adult response patterns were most conservative across condition. Differences in discrimination accuracy as measured by P(C) were found, with the largest difference in the 5- to 6-year-old group and the smallest change in the adult group. These findings suggest that children’s response strategies, like those of adults, can be manipulated by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials. Furthermore, interpretation of sensitivity measures must be referenced to task variables such as the ratio of same-to-different trials.

Differential Effects of Executive Processes on Working Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Xuezhu Ren ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Karl Schweizer ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Two Measures

Abstract. Although attention control accounts for a unique portion of the variance in working memory capacity (WMC), the way in which attention control contributes to WMC has not been thoroughly specified. The current work focused on fractionating attention control into distinctly different executive processes and examined to what extent key processes of attention control including updating, shifting, and prepotent response inhibition were related to WMC and whether these relations were different. A number of 216 university students completed experimental tasks of attention control and two measures of WMC. Latent variable analyses were employed for separating and modeling each process and their effects on WMC. The results showed that both the accuracy of updating and shifting were substantially related to WMC while the link from the accuracy of inhibition to WMC was insignificant; on the other hand, only the speed of shifting had a moderate effect on WMC while neither the speed of updating nor the speed of inhibition showed significant effect on WMC. The results suggest that these key processes of attention control exhibit differential effects on individual differences in WMC. The approach that combined experimental manipulations and statistical modeling constitutes a promising way of investigating cognitive processes.

Prime Proportion Affects Masked Priming of Fixed and Free-Choice Responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Bodner ◽  
Rehman Mulji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Sequential Trial

Left/right “fixed” responses to arrow targets are influenced by whether a masked arrow prime is congruent or incongruent with the required target response. Left/right “free-choice” responses on trials with ambiguous targets that are mixed among fixed trials are also influenced by masked arrow primes. We show that the magnitude of masked priming of both fixed and free-choice responses is greater when the proportion of fixed trials with congruent primes is .8 rather than .2. Unconscious manipulation of context can thus influence both fixed and free choices. Sequential trial analyses revealed that these effects of the overall prime context on fixed and free-choice priming can be modulated by the local context (i.e., the nature of the previous trial). Our results support accounts of masked priming that posit a memory-recruitment, activation, or decision process that is sensitive to aspects of both the local and global context.

The Reliability of Object-Based Attention Following Peripheral and Central Cues

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Arrington ◽  
Dale Dagenbach ◽  
Maura K. McCartan ◽  
Thomas H. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Object Based ◽  
Central Cues
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