scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness in health: consolidated research and contemporary challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kaun dos Santos Silva ◽  
June Alisson Westarb Cruz ◽  
Maria Alexandra Viegas Cortez da Cunha ◽  
Thyago Proença de Moraes ◽  
Sandro Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Improve Health

AbstractThe need to develop alternatives to improve health assistance access and qualification was emergent and urgent even before the advent of Covid-19. Such demand is necessary in regard to both public and private systems. In this context, the theme of cost and effectiveness is technically adequate and viable to analyze these alternatives. Analyzing the history of research development on the topic and identifying its gaps is thus an essential step in facing this challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study was to modestly contribute to a bibliometric examination of scientific production based on the theme of cost-effectiveness to guide future research, despite the maturity of the theme, and as well as its future challenges. As a result, several essential aspects of the theoretical approach to the theme were observed, such as its conceptualization, purpose, and objective within public and private institutions, identifying its main authors, universities, reference countries, and funding institutions, authors’ relationship networks, and related themes. One of the most important factors identified is the absence of the theme applied to contemporary topics in health, such as telemedicine, telehealth, robotics, artificial intelligence, new drugs and medicines, and new healthcare protocols.

Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

scholarly journals Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 on College Campuses: Initial Efforts, Lessons Learned, and Research Needs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4455
Author(s):  
Sasha Harris-Lovett ◽  
Kara L. Nelson ◽  
Paloma Beamer ◽  
Heather N. Bischel ◽  
Aaron Bivins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
College And University ◽  
University Systems

Wastewater surveillance for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging approach to help identify the risk of a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This tool can contribute to public health surveillance at both community (wastewater treatment system) and institutional (e.g., colleges, prisons, and nursing homes) scales. This paper explores the successes, challenges, and lessons learned from initial wastewater surveillance efforts at colleges and university systems to inform future research, development and implementation. We present the experiences of 25 college and university systems in the United States that monitored campus wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 during the fall 2020 academic period. We describe the broad range of approaches, findings, resources, and impacts from these initial efforts. These institutions range in size, social and political geographies, and include both public and private institutions. Our analysis suggests that wastewater monitoring at colleges requires consideration of local information needs, sewage infrastructure, resources for sampling and analysis, college and community dynamics, approaches to interpretation and communication of results, and follow-up actions. Most colleges reported that a learning process of experimentation, evaluation, and adaptation was key to progress. This process requires ongoing collaboration among diverse stakeholders including decision-makers, researchers, faculty, facilities staff, students, and community members.

Institutions of Ancient Roman Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi
Keyword(s):  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Family Wealth ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
First Time

This chapter gives a rapid overview of the history of Roman public and private institutions, from their early beginning in the semi-legendary age of the kings to the later developments of the Imperial age. A turning point has been the passage from the kingdom to the republic and the new foundation of citizenship on family wealth, instead of the exclusiveness of clan and lineages. But still more important has been the approval of the written legislation of the XII Tables giving to all citizens a sufficient knowledge of the Roman legal body of consuetudinary laws. From that moment, Roman citizenship was identified with personal freedom and the rule of law. Following political and military success, between the end of IV and the first half of III century bce Rome was capable of imposing herself as the central power in Italy and the western Mediterranean. From that moment Roman hegemony was exercised on a growing number of cities and local populations, organized in the form of Roman of Latin colonies or as Roman municipia. Only in the last century bce were these different statutes unified with the grant of Roman citizenship to all Italians. In this same period the Roman civil law, which was applied to private litigants by the Roman praetors, had become a very complex and sophisticated system of rules. With the empire the system did not change abruptly, although the Princeps did concentrate in his hands the last power of the judiciary and became the unique source of new legislation. In that way, for the first time, the Roman legal system was founded on rational and coherent schemes, becoming a model, which Antiquity transmitted to the late medieval Europe.

scholarly journals Venezuelan Higher Education: The Chavez Revolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Levy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Universities ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of

Hugo Chavez's clash with Venezuelan higher education is a vivid present-day example of a history of confrontation between leftist, populist regimes and higher education in Latin America. Chavez has transformed the public sector through creation and expansion of new universities. Chavez's policies have alienated the country's private institutions of higher education. Both public and private universities are reduced in importance.

II. Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne

1939 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Ganshof
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Gift ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preceding Period ◽  
The Subject

A Number of important studies have been published in recent years on the subject of benefice and vassalage during the early Middle Ages, and it may consequently be worth while to re-examine some of the problems raised by the origin and early development of these two institutions. I have dealt elsewhere with, the circumstances which tended towards their union early in the eighth, century, under the early Carolingians, In this article I hope to indicate at least the principal features of the history of benefice and vassalage during the reign of Charlemagne. The Influence which Charles exercised on the public and private institutions of the Frankish state was so definite and far-reaching as fully to justify the limitation of the subject-matter of my inquiry to the space of a single reign. Unfortunately the lack of adequate sources, though less serious than for the preceding period, renders the task of tracing their history a somewhat difficult one. Although the capitularies contain a relatively large number of provisions that deal specifically with these institutions, we have very little information as to how they worked in practice. The narrative sources, with the exception of two or three texts, tell us little or nothing. We have to fall back on the evidence of charters, though even these only rarely, when dealing with a dispute or legal proceeding, throw some light on the subject. This is what we might in any case expect, for the essential feature of the entry of a person into vassalage or of the gift of a benefice was the oral act, and not any embodiment of it in writing.

scholarly journals The cost-effectiveness of the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the use of thrombolytics in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Teixeira Martins ◽  
Veronica Perius de Brito ◽  
Stefan Vilges de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Health System ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Ischemic stroke causes major impacts on morbidity and mortality and intravenous thrombolysis is one of the main treatments. However, it has important temporal limitations, which justifies the study of other techniques. Objectives: Analyze the cost-effectiveness of treatments for acute stroke with the use of thrombolytics. Methodology: Epidemiological study with data from the Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Ministério da Saúde, between 2015 and 2020 in Brazil. Results: There were 16488 hospitalizations, with an average cost of R$ 2687.70 (±379.40) and an average stay of 8.80 (±0.99) days. From 2015 to 2017, these values were, on average, 1829.67 (±917.46) hospitalizations, R$ 2715.50 (±190.86) and 9.80 (±1.62) days. Between 2018 and 2020, there are 3666.33 (±437.58), R$ 2773.22 (±108.86) and 8.13 (±0.29) days. The Northeast, Southeast and South of the country predominated with 36.09% (±0.73), 27.15% (±0.68) and 32.02% (±0.71) of occurrences, respectively. Average investments per hospitalization, for these regions, were R$ 2397.89 (±82.45), R$ 3178.29 (±38.89) and R$ 2806.16 (±56.33). As for the average stay, it was 7.30 (±1.11), 9.11 (±0.89) and 9.40 (±0.78) days. In public systems, 65.09% (±2.97) of registered treatments, the average cost was R$ 2815.09 (±122.34) and the average stay was 12.00 (±1.33) days. In private institutions these values were R$ 2747.14 (±98.13), and 8.90 (±0.92) days. Conclusions: There were increases in hospitalizations and costs with a reduction in length of stay. In addition, there were pronounced disparities between the regions of the country and public and private systems, which undermine equity in the health system.

scholarly journals Development of an Empirically Calibrated Model of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in High-Risk Regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Wang ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Bin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health States ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
History Of

Objective. This study constructs, calibrates, and verifies a mathematical simulation model designed to project the natural history of ESCC and is intended to serve as a platform for testing the benefits and cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary ESCC prevention alternatives.Methods. The mathematical model illustrates the natural history of ESCC as a sequence of transitions among health states, including the primary health states (e.g., normal mucosa, precancerous lesions, and undetected and detected cancer). Using established calibration approaches, the parameter sets related to progression rates between health states were optimized to lead the model outputs to match the observed data (specifically, the prevalence of precancerous lesions and incidence of ESCC from the published literature in Chinese high-risk regions). As illustrative examples of clinical and policy application, the calibrated and validated model retrospectively simulate the potential benefit of two reported ESCC screening programs.Results. Nearly 1,000 good-fitting parameter sets were identified from 1,000,000 simulated sets. Model outcomes had sufficient calibration fit to the calibration targets. Additionally, the verification analyses showed reasonable external consistency between the model-predicted effectiveness of ESCC screening and the reported data from clinical trials.Conclusions. This parameterized mathematical model offers a tool for future research investigating benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness related to ESCC prevention and treatment.

An Introduction to Head Mounted Displays for Augmented Reality

2008 ◽  
pp. 270-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Kiyokawa
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions

This chapter introduces design and principles of head mounted displays (HMDs), as well as their state-of-the-art examples, for augmented reality (AR). Section 2 introduces a brief history of head mounted displays, human vision system, and application examples of see-through HMDs. Section 3 describes designs and principles of HMDs, such as typical configurations of optics, typical display elements, and major categories of HMDs. Section 4 gives typical characteristics of HMDs, such as resolution, field of view, and distortion. Section 5 describes human perceptual and health issues such as depth perception and safety. Finally, Section 6 gives conclusions with future challenges and prospects. For researchers, learners and HMD developers, this chapter is a good start point to learn basics, state of the art technologies, and future research directions of HMDs. For system developers and end-users, this chapter will give a good insight to HMDs to choose a suitable HMD for their purposes.

Apocalyptic and Wisdom Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 474-492
Author(s):  
Bennie H. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Apocalyptic Literature ◽  
Ancient Judaism ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Literature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Progress

“Apocalyptic Literature” and “Wisdom Literature” are broad designations that represent widely recognized categories of inquiry in the fields of ancient Judaism, early Christianity, and beyond. The relationship between the two has been a prominent topic of study over the last five decades. Beyond their familiar connotations, one finds a complicated and contested relationship in recent scholarship on ancient Jewish and Christian literature. This article attempts to disambiguate both the terms and the recent history of research in order to highlight some of the most important progress made and some of the most promising avenues for future research.

scholarly journals An 11-Year Retrospective Research Study of the Predictive Factors of Peri-Implantitis and Implant Failure: Analytic-Multicentric Study of 1279 Implants in Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Mayta-Tovalino ◽  
Yens Mendoza-Martiarena ◽  
Percy Romero-Tapia ◽  
María Álvarez-Paucar ◽  
Luis Gálvez-Calla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
History Of

Aim. To analyze the risk factors by logistic regression and perform the analysis of the survival rate of osseointegrated dental implants placed in public and private institutions. Methods. An analytic-multicentric study was carried out, where 1279 dental implants that were placed by specialists from January 2006 to October 2017 in public and private institutions (UPCH-SI, HCFAP, CMNAVAL, UPCH-SM, and UPSJB) were evaluated. The variables sex (X1), location (X2), hypertension (X3), antibiotic prophylaxis (X4), diabetes (X5), osteoporosis (X6), bisphosphonates (X7), history of periodontitis (X8), hypercholesterolemia (X9), bone quality (X10), bone quantity (X11), design (X12), smoker (X13), connection (X14), edentulism type (X15), staging (X16), 3D guided surgery (X17), load (X18), bone graft (X19), peri-implantitis (X20), mucositis (X21), and GBR (X22) were collected and analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The logit analysis was performed among all the variables to choose the best statistical model that explains the true risk factors. The analysis was performed by multivariate logistic regression and the Kaplan–Meier test, at a level of statistical significance of p<0.05. Results. It was found that the failure rate of the 1279 implants evaluated was 17.98% corresponding to only 23 implants lost as they have good longevity over time. When establishing the best multivariate logistic regression model, it was found that the variables that remained stable in relation to their statistically significant value and more stable confidence intervals were age, osteoporosis, bisphosphonates, history of periodontitis, bone quality, bone graft, connection, number of implants, GBR (guided bone regeneration), and follow-up. Conclusions. Dental implants placed by specialists in public and private institutions had a failure rate similar to that in studies previously published in other countries.

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