scholarly journals The relational logic of moral inference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Crockett ◽  
Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽  
Maureen Gill ◽  
Jenifer Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Relational Logic ◽  
Relational Partner

How do we make inferences about the moral character of others? Here we review recent work on the cognitive mechanisms of moral inference and impression updating. We show that moral inference follows basic principles of Bayesian inference, but also departs from the standard Bayesian model in ways that may facilitate the maintenance of social relationships. Moral inference is not only sensitive to whether people make moral decisions, but also to features of decisions that reveal their suitability as a relational partner. Together these findings suggest that moral inference follows a relational logic: people form and update moral impressions in ways that are responsive to the demands of ongoing social relationships and particular social roles. We discuss implications of these findings for theories of moral cognition and identify new directions for research on human morality and person perception.

Endoscopic Vitreoretinal Surgery; Basic Principles, Indications and New Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 320-326
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Ocular Media ◽  
Media Opacities ◽  
Basic Features

In this review, we aimed to give information about the historical development, basic features, and major indications of microendoscopy in vitreoretinal surgery. Microendoscopy permits vitreoretinal surgery for tissues that are not visible using operating microscopy ophthalmoscopy. Evolving technology may overcome the technical limitations of current endoscopic technology. Endoscopic vitreoretinal surgery is particularly useful when tissue details blurred by ocular media opacities or anterior chamber aberrations in contemporary surgical microscopic ophthalmoscopy. Microendoscopy is a robust platform for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmic microendoscopy as a complementary method to modern vitreoretinal surgical techniques is very useful for safe surgery when an operating a microscope becomes insufficient.

Rules, Know-How, and the Future of Moral Cognition

2000 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 291-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Churchland
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

Professor Clark's splendid essay represents a step forward from which there should be no retreat. Our de facto moral cognition involves a complex and evolving interplay between, on the one hand, the non discursive cognitive mechanisms of the biological brain, and, on the other, the often highly discursive extra-personal “scaffolding” that structures the social world in which our brains are normally situated, a world that has been, to a large extent, created by our own moral and political activity. That interplay extends the reach and elevates the quality of the original nondiscursive cognition, and thus any adequate account of moral cognition must address both of these contributing dimensions. An account that focuses only on brain mechanisms will be missing something vital.

scholarly journals PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Back ◽  
Anna Baumert ◽  
Jaap J. A. Denissen ◽  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Lars Penke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Therapeutic Settings ◽  
Research Domains ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The interplay of personality and social relationships is as fascinating as it is complex and it pertains to a wide array of largely separate research domains. Here, we present an integrative and unified framework for analysing the complex dynamics of personality and social relationships (PERSOC). Basic principles and general processes on the individual and dyadic level are outlined to show how personality and social relationships influence each other and develop over time. PERSOC stresses the importance of social behaviours and interpersonal perceptions as mediating processes organized in social interaction units. The framework can be applied to diverse social relationships such as first encounters, short-term acquaintances, friendships, relationships between working group members, educational or therapeutic settings, romantic relationships and family relationships. It has important consequences for how we conceptualize, understand, and investigate personality and social relationships.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF EXPERIENCE OF PROJECT FINANCING OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-133
Author(s):  
Irina Aleksandrovna Trushina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis

The article describes specific features of project financing in the Russian Federation. It is stated that in Russia in recent years new investment projects have been launched, which are expected to be implemented using the project financing method, which indicates a favorable investment climate and the state's readiness to develop and improve this mechanism. Most of the projects are related to the industrial sector; in this regard, the analysis of projects and a synthesis of experience in the application of project financing have been conducted. Projects that were not always successful were analyzed, as well as an example of a project implemented with the assumption of design errors, in which the basic principles of project financing were not applied, but the result of its functioning turned out to be positive. According to the results of the analysis, the author grouped the general trends of project implementation, formulated the conditions that confirm the use of project financing, and identified key errors in the implementation of large-scale investment projects involving industrial enterprises. Priority sectors of the economy are defined, in which large-scale investment projects are most often developed and implemented (oil and gas extraction, processing and transportation). A review of Russian experience of project financing made it possible to understand the level of prevalence of this method and the effectiveness of its use, as well as to identify the main factors constraining and stimulating the use of project financing by industrial enterprises. Taking into account these factors will contribute to the formation of new directions and the development of methods for stimulating project financing for their successful use in the implementation of large-scale investment projects.

New Game Paradigm for IoT Systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 101-147 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Markov Game ◽  
Inspection Game ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Behavioral Game ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Impact

Game theory is a mathematical language for describing strategic interactions, in which each player's choice affects the payoff of other players. The impact of game theory in psychology has been limited by the lack of cognitive mechanisms underlying game theoretic predictions. Behavioral game, inference game, inspection game and Markov game are recent approaches linking game theory to cognitive science by adding cognitive details, theories of limits on iterated thinking, and statistical theories of how players learn and influence others. These new directions include the effects of game descriptions on choice, strategic heuristics, and mental representation. These ideas will help root game theory more deeply in cognitive science and extend the scope of both enterprises.

scholarly journals Network Structure and Social Complexity in Primates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.I.M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Grooming ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Primate Grooming ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractPrimates use social grooming to create and maintain coalitions. Because of this, individuals focus their time on a small number of individuals, and this means that in many cases group networks are not fully connected. I use data on primate grooming networks to show that three different social grades can be differentiated in terms of network structuring. These grades seem to arise from a glass ceiling imposed on group size by limits on the time available for social grooming. It seems that certain genera have managed to circumvent this constraint by a phase shift in the behavioural and cognitive mechanisms that underpin social relationships in a way that allows a form of multilevel sociality based on weak and strong ties not unlike those found in human social networks.

Following one’s true self and the sacredness of cultural values

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhyung Kim ◽  
Andrew Gregory Christy ◽  
Grace Noelle Rivera ◽  
Rebecca Jean Schlegel ◽  
Joshua Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Moral Norm ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
True Self ◽  
Total N ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Self Knowledge

People seem to share a widespread lay belief that true selves are morally good entities. This lay belief has downstream consequences for a variety of domains such as person perception and perceived self-knowledge. The current work examines whether it also has consequences for moral decision-making. We hypothesized that people would make more moral decisions when they were focused on being authentic as opposed to being focused on other decision-making strategies. This hypothesis rests on the idea that if people believe their true selves are morally good, then attempts to follow that true self will make them less willing to behave immorally. Consistent with this hypothesis, three within-subject studies (total N = 573) found that participants reported they would need more money to violate a moral norm if they were focused on trying to be authentic relative to if they were focused on being rational, intuitive or realistic.

Ideological Constancy of Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Генрих Чернобель ◽  
Gyenrikh CHyernobyel
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legal Ideology ◽  
Official Ideology ◽  
The Law

The article is devoted to reviewing the issue of ideology — legal ideology, political ideology, and their interrelationship. The development of social relationships is influenced by the theoretical origins of ideology, their scientific adjustment and value. The author points out that legal ideology is the key to understanding the law as a universal regulatory phenomenon in the system of social relations and its importance is in the legal state which is recognized constitutionally. The author gives etymological meaning of “militia” and “police” in order to show how deeply the amendments of law have influenced Russian mentality. The author comes to the conclusion that the Constitution is the founding document — the official ideology, based on the ideas, basic principles, standards of generic value which legalize the “tonality” of existing legislation and public administration. At the present moment there is a need to develop a strategic legal ideology aimed the ideological unity of Russian citizens forming a democratic legal state.

scholarly journals Does inappropriate behavior hurt or stink? The interplay between neural representations of somatic experiences and moral decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (42) ◽  
pp. eaat4390
Author(s):  
G. Sharvit ◽  
E. Lin ◽  
P. Vuilleumier ◽  
C. Corradi-Dell’Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Somatic Experiences

Embodied models suggest that moral judgments are strongly intertwined with first-hand somatic experiences, with some pointing to disgust, and others arguing for a role of pain/harm. Both disgust and pain are unpleasant, arousing experiences, with strong relevance for survival, but with distinctive sensory qualities and neural channels. Hence, it is unclear whether moral cognition interacts with sensory-specific properties of one somatic experience or with supramodal dimensions common to both. Across two experiments, participants evaluated ethical dilemmas and subsequently were exposed to disgusting (olfactory) or painful (thermal) stimulations of matched unpleasantness. We found that moral scenarios enhanced physiological and neural activity to subsequent disgust (but not pain), as further supported by an independently validated whole-brain signature of olfaction. This effect was mediated by activity in the posterior cingulate cortex triggered by dilemma judgments. Our results thus speak in favor of an association between moral cognition and sensory-specific properties of disgust.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document