Children change their answers in response to neutral follow-up questions by a knowledgeable asker

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bonawitz ◽  
Patrick Shafto ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Sophie Elizabeth Colby Bridgers ◽  
Aaron Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Belief Revision ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
New Information ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Parent Child

Burgeoning evidence suggests that when children observe data, they use knowledge of the demonstrator’s intent to augment learning. We propose that the effects of social learning may go beyond cases where children observe data, to cases where they receive no new information at all. We present a model of how simply asking a question a second time may lead to belief revision, when the questioner is expected to know the correct answer. We provide an analysis of the CHILDES corpus to show that these neutral follow-up questions are used in parent-child conversations. We then present three experiments investigating 4- and 5-year-old children’s reactions to neutral follow-up questions posed by ignorant or knowledgeable questioners. Children were more likely to change their answers in response to a neutral follow-up question from a knowledgeable questioner than an ignorant one. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of common practices in legal, educational, and experimental psychological settings.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study Examining the Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as Parent Counseling

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-988
Author(s):  
Denise H. M. Bodden ◽  
Denise Matthijssen
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Psychological Flexibility ◽  
Parental Psychopathology ◽  
Parenting Behavior ◽  
Parental Competence ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
Parent Counseling ◽  
Parent Child

AbstractThere is some scientific evidence to support the applicability and preliminary effects of ACT as a parent intervention but more research is needed. In this pilot research, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is provided as a parent counseling therapy in order to increase psychological flexibility which in turn helps parents to choose attuned parenting behavior, invest in a helpful parent-child relationship, deal with feelings of incompetence, and cope with their own psychopathology. ACT parent counseling is developed for parents of children (3–18 years old) with psychiatric problems. The mean age of the parents (n = 101) was 47.1 years (range = 30–66). A repeated measures design was used including pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up measurements. The main outcomes were ACT measures (psychological flexibility, parental psychological inflexibility, and cognitive fusion). Secondary outcomes included parenting behavior, the quality of the parent-child interaction, parental competence, parental psychopathology, and the satisfaction with the treatment program. This is the first study we know of that showed statistically significant improvements on parental psychological flexibility, parenting behavior (except behavioral control), parent-child relations, parental competence, and parental internalizing psychopathology directly after treatment. At 6-month follow-up, significantly less conflicts, more parental competence, and less parental psychopathology was found. However, the improvements were not clinically significant, as calculated with the RCI. No control group was used in this uncontrolled pilot study but preliminary findings indicate that ACT parent counseling can help parents to increase psychological flexibility in order to choose more flexible and effective parenting behavior.

scholarly journals On being examined: do students and faculty agree?

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Perrella ◽  
Joshua Koenig ◽  
Henry Kwon ◽  
Stash Nastos ◽  
P. K. Rangachari
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
New Information ◽  
Good Learning ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Students measure out their lives, not with coffee spoons, but with grades on examinations. But what exams mean and whether or not they are a bane or a boon is moot. Senior undergraduates (A. Perrella, J. Koenig, and H. Kwon) designed and administered a 15-item survey that explored the contrasting perceptions of both students ( n = 526) and faculty members ( n = 33) in a 4-yr undergraduate health sciences program. A series of statements gauged the level of agreement on a 10-point scale. Students and faculty members agreed on the value of assessing student learning with a variety of methods, finding new information to solve problems, assessing conceptual understanding and logical reasoning, having assessments with no single correct answer, and having comments on exams. Clear differences emerged between students and faculty members on specific matters: rubrics, student choice of exam format, assessing creativity, and transfer of learning to novel situations. A followup questionnaire allowed participants to clarify their interpretation of select statements, with responses from 71 students and 17 faculty members. All parties strongly agreed that exams should provide a good learning experience that would help them prepare for the future (students: 8.64 ± 1.71 and faculty members: 8.03 ± 2.34).

scholarly journals Enhancing Social-Skills through Social Learning Intervention among Rural Underprivileged Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. A. Velayudhan ◽  
Palanisamy. V
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Learning Intervention ◽  
Post Test

Rural underprivileged youth from India are mostly failing to get decent job due to lack of life-skills. The chances are very less for rural underprivileged adolescents to acquire necessary skills from their cultural context. Hence Indian Adolescents from rural area presently requiring basic life skills for complete their education effectively and get a suitable job in India or abroad. As attaining this task present study examined the effectiveness of social learning intervention on enhancing self-leadership skills and communication skills among rural adolescents. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample (N=50), it included 25 female and 25 male adolescents from underprivileged category. The sample was selected from the Government higher secondary school located in rural area of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. This study consists following four phases which are Pre-test, Intervention, Post-test, and follow up phases. The social learning intervention was designed based on Bandura’s social learning theory therefore modeling, role play, and constructive feedback methods were used. Weekly one training session was taken totally 12 training sessions, 2 hour for each session. Revised self-leadership questionnaire and communication locus of control scale were used to collect the data in pre-test, post-test, and follow up phases. Mean, SD, repeated measure of ANOVO and Post-Hoc test was used to analysis the data and the results shows that self-leadership skills and communication skills was significantly improved after social learning intervention.

scholarly journals Influence of Warning Statements on Understanding of the Negative Health Consequences of Smoking

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1805-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K Pepper ◽  
Anh Nguyen Zarndt ◽  
Matthew E Eggers ◽  
James M Nonnemaker ◽  
David B Portnoy
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Fda

Abstract Introduction Pursuant to the Tobacco Control Act (TCA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing new cigarette health warnings to convey the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Aims and Methods This study assessed which of 15 revised warning statements (10 on topics similar to TCA statements and 5 on other topics) promoted greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks relative to TCA statements. In February 2018, adolescent and adult smokers and adolescents susceptible to smoking (n = 2505) completed an online experiment. Control condition participants viewed TCA statements; treatment condition participants viewed combinations of TCA and revised statements. Analyses compared revised statements to TCA statements on the same health topic or to randomly selected TCA statements if there were no statements on the same topic. Results Relative to TCA statements, 12 of 15 revised statements were more likely to be considered new information, and 12 resulted in more self-reported learning. Three revised statements made participants think more about health risks than TCA statements; the reverse was true for one revised statement. Participants rated most TCA and revised statements as moderately believable and informative. Seven revised statements were found to be less believable and factual, and one revised statement more believable and factual. Treatment condition participants correctly selected more smoking-related health conditions than control condition participants (13.79 versus 12.42 of 25). Conclusions Findings suggest that revised statements can promote greater understanding of cigarette smoking risks. Results informed FDA’s selection of warning text that was paired with images for testing in a follow-up study. Implications The US FDA may adjust the text of the cigarette warning statements provided in the TCA if the revised statements promote greater public understanding of the negative health consequences of cigarette smoking. Most of the revised warning statements tested were more likely to be considered new information and resulted in more self-reported learning compared with paired TCA statements, providing support for using revised statements as part of cigarette health warnings. These results informed the development of pictorial cigarette warnings by FDA that were tested in a follow-up study and included in a proposed rule.

P4352Usefulness of speckle tracking echocardiography in the detection of ventricular mechanics changes after percutaneous intervention of coronary chronic total occlusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Mahia ◽  
P Salinas ◽  
N Gonzalo ◽  
F Islas ◽  
J Escaned ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chronic Total Occlusions ◽  
Ventricular Mechanics ◽  
Deformation Parameters ◽  
New Information ◽  
Myocardial Layers ◽  
Flow Restoration ◽  
Percutaneous Revascularization

Abstract Background Previous studies show contradictory results of the effect of chronic total occlusions (CTO) revascularization on LVEF. Deformation parameters based on speckle tracking (2D-ST) echo allows the evaluation of the systolic regional function. Purpose To examine the usefulness of 2D-ST to detect changes in regional ventricular mechanics in a consecutive cohort of patients with successful CTO percutaneous revascularization. Methods Prospective study that included 13 consecutive patients (72±8 y, 85% men). Revascularization was justified based on the evidence of viability of the underlying territory. 2D-ST was performed before, one and three months after of the procedure. Based on 16 segments model (n: 208), these were classified in two groups (dependent/non-dependent) according to their relationship with the treated CTO. Strain rate (Sr) and Strain (S) of the three myocardial layers were measured. Results 208 segments analyzed. 62 (30%) perfusion dependent, (mean 5 segments/patient), non-dependent: 146 (70%). During follow-up (median: 3.3 m), there were no significant differences with respect to LVEF (56±6 vs. 59±6, p: 0.2). Although non-dependent segments showed no significant changes of deformation parameters after the procedure, dependent segments showed an increase (Δ) of both the S and Sr, being statistically significant the Δ of the three layers S at 3 months vs. non-dependent. Table 1 PRE POST p Δ Non-Dependent segments (N: 146)   S-epicardial −16.6±4.9 −16.0±4.0 0.06 0.6±4.0   S-mesocardiac −17.4±4.8 −16.8±4.2 0.08 0.6±3.9   S-endocardial −18.1±5.1 −17.7±4.9 0.337 0.4±4.5   Sr −1.15±0.4 −1.09±0.4 0.080 0.07±0.47 Dependent segments (N: 62)   S-epicardial −13.7±5.8 −16.3±4.5 <0.001 −2.6±5.2*   S-mesocardiac −14.7±6.1 −17.0±4.5 <0.05 −2.3±5.2*   S-endocardial −15.8±6.7 −17.9±4.9 <0.05 −2.1±5.6*   Sr −0.98±0.4 −1.03±0.4 0.353 −0.05±0.42 *p<0.05 ΔNon-dependents vs. ΔDependents. S (%) improvement post RCA CTO treatment Conclusions This study shows that CTO treatment improves regional myocardial function in LV segments dependent on CTO at three months of follow-up, without changes in LVEF. 2D-ST allows to examine the effect of flow restoration, providing new information on the potential short-term benefits of this strategy

Session 5: Basic Social Learning Theory and Improving the Parent–Child Relationship

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen C. Wells ◽  
John E. Lochman ◽  
Lisa A. Lenhart
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Abc Model ◽  
Negative Behavior ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Special Time ◽  
Parent Child

Chapter 5 explores basic social learning theory and improving the parent–child relationship. This includes the ABC model (antecedents, behavior, consequences), positive consequences of good behavior, praise, tracking positive and negative behavior. Parent-child special time and activities are explored.

scholarly journals Frontalis Sling Procedure Using Prolene Material in Severe Ptosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Md Amjad Hossain ◽  
Md Sharfuddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Saleh Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Sling Procedure ◽  
Good Outcome ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Levator Resection ◽  
Different Types

Abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eye lid is called ptosis. Common practices in correction of ptosis are different types of surgical procedures like, Fasanella-Servat procedure, Levator resection, Frontalis brow suspension (sling), Aponeurosis strengthening etc. In sling operation different types of materials are used, like, autogenus fascialata, cadaver fascilata, skin, sclera, collagen and artificial eg. Prolene, ethibond, silicone, supramid, mersilene mesh, goretex etc. The aim of study is to establish that use of prolene in sling operation gives better result. The study was carried out at BSMMU. A total thirty cases were selected for study. Technique of operation was Frontalis brow suspension (sling) procedure using prolene. The follow-up period was three months to six months. Final outcome of ptosis correction was good outcome in 24 (80%) patients out of 30. So prolene use in sling operation has excellent tensile strength, good handling properties, permanent result and better tolerance.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2017;12(1): 31-33

scholarly journals Using Audit Programs to Improve Auditor Evidence Collection

2020 ◽  
pp. 0000-0000
Author(s):  
Jacqueline S Hammersley ◽  
Michael A Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
New Information ◽  
Evidence Collection ◽  
Program Creation ◽  
Audit Program ◽  
Experience Difficulty

Auditors experience difficulty auditing accounts on which it is difficult to identify in advance all the evidence necessary to perform an effective audit. These accounts are challenging because they commonly require auditors to collect additional, relevant evidence in response to new information received during evidence collection. We address this experimentally by examining whether changing the focus of audit programs from plan-focused (i.e., focused on the planned audit procedures) to goal-focused (i.e., focused on the task goal) improves auditors' collection of relevant evidence that is not identifiable at audit program creation. We expect goal-focused auditors to remain open to more ways to achieve their goal. Consequently, we expect and find that goal-focused auditors collect more effective evidence than plan-focused auditors and follow-up more effectively on this evidence. This suggests that a goal-focused approach improves audit quality on tasks requiring auditors to flexibly respond to new information.

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