scholarly journals Direct Punishment and Indirect Reputation-Based Tactics to Intervene Against Offenses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Molho ◽  
Junhui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rules ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Interdependent Relationships ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Punishment and reputation-based mechanisms play a major role in supporting the evolution of human cooperation. Theoretical accounts and field observations suggest that humans use multiple tactics to intervene against offenses—including confrontation, gossip, and ostracism—which have unique benefits and costs. Here, we draw a distinction between direct punishment tactics (i.e., physical and verbal confrontation) and indirect reputation-based tactics (i.e., gossip and ostracism). Based on this distinction, we sketch the common and unique social functions that different tactics are tailored to serve and describe information-processing mechanisms that potentially underlie decisions concerning how to intervene against offenses. We propose that decision rules guiding direct and indirect tactics should weigh information about the benefits of changing others’ behavior versus the costs of potential retaliation. Based on a synthesis of existing evidence, we highlight the role of situational, relational, and emotional factors in motivating distinct punishment tactics. We suggest that delineating between direct and indirect tactics can inform debates about the prevalence and functions of punishment, and the reputational consequences of third-party intervention against offenses. We emphasize the need to study how people use reputation-based tactics for partner recalibration and partner choice, within interdependent relationships and social networks, and in daily life situations.

Direct punishment and indirect reputation-based tactics to intervene against offences

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Molho ◽  
Junhui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Rules ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Punishment and reputation-based mechanisms play a major role in supporting the evolution of human cooperation. Theoretical accounts and field observations suggest that humans use multiple tactics to intervene against offences—including confrontation, gossip and ostracism—which have unique benefits and costs. Here, we draw a distinction between direct punishment tactics (i.e. physical and verbal confrontation) and indirect reputation-based tactics (i.e. gossip and ostracism). Based on this distinction, we sketch the common and unique social functions that different tactics are tailored to serve and describe information-processing mechanisms that potentially underlie decisions concerning how to intervene against offences. We propose that decision rules guiding direct and indirect tactics should weigh information about the benefits of changing others' behaviour versus the costs of potential retaliation. Based on a synthesis of existing evidence, we highlight the role of situational, relational and emotional factors in motivating distinct punishment tactics. We suggest that delineating between direct and indirect tactics can inform debates about the prevalence and functions of punishment and the reputational consequences of third-party intervention against offences. We emphasize the need to study how people use reputation-based tactics for partner recalibration and partner choice, within interdependent relationships and social networks, and in daily life situations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

scholarly journals The Role of Internal Third-Party Interveners in Civil Resistance Campaigns: The Case of Israeli-Jewish Anti-Occupation Activists

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-200
Author(s):  
Leonie Fleischmann
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Physical Presence

AbstractWhen a non-violent resistance campaign does not have leverage to challenge powerful opponents, third-party intervention has been shown to assist. While the role of external third-party interveners – foreign activists – has been documented, less attention has been given to intervention from members of the dominant population. Drawing from the literature on civil resistance and through the study of Israeli Jews who intervene in Palestinian resistance campaigns against the Israeli military occupation, I argue that intervention from members of the dominant population is strategically desirable. Through an analysis of three Palestinian campaigns, this article identifies that the physical presence of Israeli Jews was needed to ensure the Palestinians could maintain their resistance efforts and presence on the land, despite the repression they faced. Furthermore, the skills and knowledge of the Israelis were needed to help the Palestinians achieve some of their goals, at least in the short term.

External Stakeholder Impacts on Third-Party Interventions in Resolving Malignant Conflicts: The Case of a Failed Third-Party Intervention in Cyprus

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-416
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
External Stakeholder ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Internal Stakeholders ◽  
Building Project

AbstractThis article focuses on the potentially positive and negative impact that multiple and competing external stakeholders (influential foreign powers, supranational institutions, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs from various countries) can have on official and non-official third-party peace building initiatives. The example examined in this article describes a Swiss NGO-initiated intercommunal project in Cyprus. It analyzes the failure of this confidence-building project by looking at the role of external (and to a lesser degree, internal) stakeholders in the intervention. The article is descriptive and narrative due to the fact that access to confidential information of key stakeholder governments and institutions remains limited. The aim of the authors is to use this field experience in Cyprus to further develop the theory and practice of third-party intervention into persistent and malignant conflicts characterized by interference from multiple external stakeholders.

International Procedural Regulation in the Common Interest: The Role of Third-Party Intervention and Amicus Curiae before the ICJ

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188
Author(s):  
Paula Wojcikiewicz Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Icj ◽  
The Common ◽  
Substantive Law

Abstract By adjudicating inter-State claims, international courts can also contribute to the protection and promotion of community interests. However, the main obstacle faced by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) relates to the existing tension between the bilateral nature of its own proceedings and the multilateral nature of the conflicting substantive law. As procedure may guide and shape the application of substantive law, it should itself be interpreted and developed in a manner to ensure community interests. By using its power to “frame rules for carrying out its functions”, the Court should assume expanded procedural powers in order to ensure the effective application of substantive law whenever community interests are at issue. Most procedural rules can be adjusted for multiparty aspects, notably the rules on third-party intervention, with the aim of protecting community interests and enhancing the Court’s legitimacy. It is up to the Court to find the balance between States’ rights and commonly aspired goals.

scholarly journals Issues in third-party intervention research and the role of destruction in conflict

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Potter ◽  
John L. Scott
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Choice Variable ◽  
Theoretical Side

Research on third-party intervention into conflict has accelerated in recent years. Although some studies have explicitly assumed that third parties only value peace, recent theory has modeled parties to a conflict more flexibly. In addition, empirical results provide evidence that third-party motives are more complex than straightforward peacemaking. In particular, although the United Nations attempts peacemaking missions, evidence suggests that United Nations interventions prolong conflict. We sample the literature on interventions and offer directions for further research. On the empirical side, we suggest that third-party research should exploit recent applications of statistical modeling that unravel the complexity created by the fact that the decision to intervene in a conflict may depend on the same factors that contribute to the duration of the conflict. On the theoretical side, in contrast to previous studies, we suggest modeling the destruction that armed conflict causes as a choice variable.

Dealing with Damage from Home Water Leaks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Hendley
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies

This chapter examines how Russians respond when water leaks into their apartments, a very common problem in Russia. At first glance, law would seem to have little to do with how problems among neighbors are resolved in Russia. Russians are slow to invoke formal law. Litigation or even threats of litigation are the exception, not the rule. The chapter begins with an overview of the role of law in problem solving among neighbors and a conceptual framework for the evolution of disputes between neighbors, including ceiling leaks. It then considers Russians' legal consciousness as well as the problem-solving strategies they employed to deal with damage from home water leaks. Based on the results of focus groups and follow-up interviews, three basic strategies are evident: avoidance strategy, self-help strategy, and third-party intervention.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document