scholarly journals Developmental changes in strategies for gathering evidence about biological kinds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Foster-Hanson ◽  
Kelsey Moty ◽  
Amanda Cardarelli ◽  
John Daryl Ocampo ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
The World

How do people gather samples of evidence to learn about the world? Adults often prefer to sample evidence from diverse sources—for example, choosing to test a robin and a turkey to find out if something is true of birds in general. Children below age 9, however, often do not consider sample diversity, instead treating non-diverse samples (e.g., two robins) and diverse samples as equivalently informative. The current study (N = 247) found that this discontinuity stems from developmental changes in standards for evaluating evidence—younger children chose to learn from exemplars that best approximate idealized views of what category members are supposed to be like (e.g., the fastest cheetahs), with a gradual shift across age towards samples that cover more within-category variation (e.g., cheetahs of varying speeds). Implications for the relation between conceptual structure and inductive reasoning, and for the mechanisms underlying inductive reasoning more generally, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Is the most representative skunk the average or the stinkiest? Developmental changes in representations of biological categories

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Foster-Hanson ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Biological Reasoning

People often think of categories in terms of their most representative examples (e.g., robin for BIRD). Thus, determining which exemplars are most representative is a fundamental cognitive process that shapes how people use concepts to navigate the world. The present studies (N = 669; ages 5 years – adulthood) revealed developmental change in this important component of cognition. Studies 1-2 found that young children view exemplars with extreme values of characteristic features (e.g., the very fastest cheetah) as most representative of familiar biological categories; the tendency to view average exemplars in this manner (e.g., the average-speeded cheetah) emerged slowly across age. Study 3 examined the mechanisms underlying these judgments, and found that participants of all ages viewed extreme exemplars as representative of novel animal categories when they learned that the variable features fulfilled category-specific adaptive needs, but not otherwise. Implications for developmental changes in conceptual structure and biological reasoning are discussed.

Impact of Day Care on the Child

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-228
Author(s):  
Bettye M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Child Characteristics ◽  
Care Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Care Family

In the world of day-care research, the status of our knowledge is sufficiently shaky that we must continue to keep an open mind about the service. The knowledge base is growing rapidly, but the conceptual structure that supports it is flimsy and insubstantial. Fortunately, current research efforts are improving this situation. Regardless of whether we like or dislike day care, it is, like the family, here to stay. That realization alone should strengthen our resolve not to compromise on the type of service we create. We have to continue to identify parameters of quality and become good matchmakers in terms of child care, family, and child characteristics. Through such efforts, a network of educare programs that will foster favorable development in children can become a national and global reality.

Prehistoric Western Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-94
Author(s):  
Peter M. M. G. Akkermans
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
East Anatolia

This chapter deals with prehistoric Western Asia, ca. 9500–4000 BC, when this region was the focus of a series of far-reaching socioeconomic developments that were to change the world. Early in this period a gradual shift occurred from a mobile hunter-gatherer way of life to sustained settlement in villages that were increasingly dependent upon farming. Later on, social ranking, economic intensification, and craft specialization emerged at sites throughout the Middle East (Anatolia, Iran, Mesopotamia, and the Levant), laying the foundations for the earliest urban societies in the region. The chapter argues that these changes, far from being unilateral or monolithic, reflect significant multicultural developments and long-lasting trajectories of regional differentiation, requiring the agency of innumerable individuals and generations over millennia.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue on Individual Differences in Multisensory Perception: an Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Jonas ◽  
Mary Jane Spiller ◽  
Paul B. Hibbard ◽  
Michael Proulx
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
British Psychological Society ◽  
The World ◽  
New Research

The world is full of objects that can be perceived through multiple different senses to create an integrated understanding of our environment. Since each of us has different biological and psychological characteristics, different people may perceive the world in quite different ways. However, the questions of how and why our multisensory perceptions differ have not been explored in any great depth. This special issue, arising from a series of British Psychological Society-funded seminars, presents new research and opinions on the impacts of a variety of individual differences on multisensory perception. We hope that readers will enjoy this collection of eight papers on individual differences in multisensory perception arising from developmental changes, autism, Down syndrome, migraine, sensory loss and substitution, and personality.

scholarly journals Downward movement: (se) baisser ‘to fall’

Kalbotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Joanna Cholewa
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
The Real ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Single Sentence ◽  
The World ◽  
Object Classes ◽  
Two Parameters

This article aims to disambiguate the French verb baisser, which describes the downward movement of an entity, and to present its conceptual structure. Our approach is strongly based on the belief that the meaning of the word is conceptual, and that it reflects the world being looked at, not the real world (Honeste 1999, 2005). Our interest will focus on the locative and abstract meanings of the chosen verb, the uses of which we will study. Each use is a set formed by a predicate, defined by its arguments whose field is delimited by the predicate itself (Gross 2015). Arguments are defined using object classes. Each use is illustrated by a single sentence and a translation into Polish, the translation being a synonym of a word in another language. The type of event described by the verb will be studied, taking into account: the situation described by the verb (kinematic, dynamic, according to Desclés 2003, 2005); belonging to one of the four groups of verbs of movement, distinguished by Aurnague (2012) according to two parameters: change of location and change of elementary locative relwation; polarity (initial, median and final, according to Borillo 1998). Baisser has twelve uses (locative and abstract). Their invariant meaning is downwards movement, which is conceptualized in different ways: displacement of an entity downwards in physical space, but also as a decrease along a scale: of quantifiable value, of sound, of luminosity, intensity or quality, and finally of physical strength and of quality.

scholarly journals Foreign experience in organizing regular pig-gyback service

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 019-042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Skorchenko
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
The World ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The economic crisis being overcome by the Russian economy, on the one hand, combined with the inevitable globalisation processes, on the other hand, brings to the forefront the economic efficiency of technical processes associated with environmental safety and the possibility of introduction into the world system. One example of effective use of innovative technologies in the interaction of transport systems in the world is the piggyback transportation. Aim: The author has conducted the analysis of international experience of the organisation of the piggyback transportation in order to identify technological solutions suitable for efficient use in the Russian market of intermodal transportation. Methods: To assess the efficiency of different technological systems, the author uses comparative analysis methods, inductive reasoning, system approach method. The author has also synthesised the world experience in the organisation of the piggyback transportation. Result: The results of the analysis have revealed that the current economic situation in Russia allows the evaluation of innovative transport systems in the first place in terms of the possibility of rapid return, which draws attention to the most economical technologies. In this regard, the use of the rolling highway and Lift-on – Lift-off (Lo-Lo) piggyback systems seems to be the most rational at this stage. Conclusion: Since 1990s Russia has made a number of attempts to organise regular piggyback service on certain routes. However, due to the lack of demand for this type of services in the Russian market at the moment, investing in the development of piggyback technology involves high risks. The experience of other countries shows that regardless of the chosen technology, stimulating the demand for innovative "green technologies" is not possible without the participation of governmental bodies. At the same time, the creation of the necessary methodological framework for the organisation of piggyback transportation in Russia is possible by virtue studying the multifaceted world practice of piggyback technology operation in the world.

Actualist versus Naturalist and Conceptual Realist Interpretations of Hegel's Metaphysics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Paul Redding
Keyword(s):  
Actual World ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Science Of Logic ◽  
Conceptual Realism ◽  
The World ◽  
Liberal Naturalism ◽  
The One

Abstract The understanding of Hegel's metaphysics that is here argued for—that it is a metaphysics of the actual world—may sound trivial or empty. To counter this, in part one the actualist reading of Hegel's idealism is opposed to two other currently popular interpretations, those of the naturalist and the conceptual realist respectively. While actualism shares motivations with each of these positions, it is argued that it is better equipped to capture what both aim to bring out in Hegel's metaphysics, but also better able to resist criticisms of each of these opposed positions made from the viewpoint of the other. Like the conceptual realist, the actualist wants to affirm the objectivity of concepts in the world—an idea that can seem antithetical to the naturalist. While the position of “liberal naturalism” makes concessions to such a position, this feature is more easily accommodated by the actualist. However, like the liberal naturalist, the actualist is also suspicious of an implicit “supernaturalist” dimension of conceptual realism and, by weakening the scope of realism to the actual world, is better able to avoid it. The second and third parts of the paper attempt to show how the actualist position is reflected in Hegel's account of judgments and syllogisms in The Science of Logic. His account of judgments provides an irreducible place for judgments that are object-presupposing on the one hand and subject-locating on the other. Because such judgments are the components of syllogisms, these syllogisms have objectivity, but this is a type of objectivity within which we, as subjects, are by necessity located. The actual world has a conceptual structure because we conceptualizing beings belong to it.

Developmental Changes in the Consideration of Sample Diversity in Inductive Reasoning

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Rhodes ◽  
Susan A. Gelman ◽  
Daniel Brickman
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Developmental Changes

Micromax at a Crossroads

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Consumer Durables ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
Target Segment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Indian Consumer ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Right

Micromax is an Indian consumer electronics company which began by selling mobile phones. In early 2014, Micromax ranked third in the mobile handsets category in India, behind Nokia and Samsung. The case is set in 2014, a watershed year for Micromax. It has to make decisions related to the future direction of the company. There are various options available, such as expanding into other consumer electronics and consumer durables categories, expanding outside India, etc. Micromax had recently introduced premium smartphones, and there had been a gradual shift in its target segment from rural to more upmarket consumers. Micromax aspired to be considered among the best brands in the world; however, the company was unsure of how to move forward. Its leadership had to decide on the right positioning for Micromax.

scholarly journals From the world to word order: the link between conceptual structure and language

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Culbertson ◽  
Marieke Schouwstra ◽  
Simon Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Artificial Language Learning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

The world’s languages exhibit striking diversity. At the same time, recurring linguistic patterns suggest the possibility that this diversity is shaped by features of human cognition. One well-studied example is word order in complex noun phrases (like 'these two red vases'). While many orders of these elements are possible, a subset appear to be preferred. It has been argued that this order reflects a single underlying representation of noun phrase structure, from which preferred orders are straightforwardly derived (e.g., Cinque, 2005). Building on previous experimental evidence using artificial language learning, we show that these preferred orders arise not only in existing languages, but also in improvised sequences of gestures produced by English speakers. We then use corpus data from a wide range of languages to argue that the hypothesized underlying structure of the noun phrase might be learnable from statistical features relating objects and their properties conceptually. Using an information-theoretic measure of strength of association, we find that adjectival properties (e.g. 'red') are on average more closely related to the objects they modify (e.g. 'wine'), than numerosities (e.g. 'two'), which are in turn more closely related to the objects they modify than demonstratives (e.g., 'this'). It is exactly those orders which transparently reflect this—by placing adjectives closest to the noun, and demonstratives farthest away—which are more common across languages, and preferred in our silent gesture experiments. These results suggest that our experience with objects in the world, combined with a preference for transparent mappings from conceptual structure to linear order, can explain constraints on noun phrase order.

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