scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is positively associated with affective wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Kejriwal ◽  
Ke Shen
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Political Affiliation ◽  
County Level ◽  
State Variables ◽  
High Level ◽  
Affect State

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in the United States iscurrently at a high level. To enable a better understanding of thishesitancy, this study explores the association between affective wellbeingmeasures and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. We consistentlyfind a positive association between the two, regardless of whichof ten different affect state variables (two positive, and eight negative)or their composite, is used. For example, people who experiencemore worry or anxiety (two negative affect wellbeing states) areless vaccine-hesitant, and vice versa. The association is found tohold even when controlling for potential confounds such as incomebracket, political affiliation, gender and employment status. Associationsare strongest for the fully employed, and for those in themiddle-class income bracket. While consistent at the national level,considerable dispersion is found at the county level. We discuss theimplications of these findings briefly.

Playing for the Big Time: Musicians, Concerts, and Reputation-Building in Cincinnati, 1872–82

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Karen Ahlquist
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Civic Leaders ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Achievement ◽  
Western Art Music ◽  
High Level

Like many midwestern cities in the nineteenth century, Cincinnati, Ohio, was home to large numbers of German immigrant musicians, among them the founders of the Cincinnati Grand Orchestra in 1872. Their model of musician-based organization eventually ran counter to the prestige-building potential of Western art music, which made it attractive to local civic leaders determined to earn respect for their city at a national level. The successful Cincinnati May festivals beginning in 1873 under the artistic leadership of conductor Theodore Thomas brought the city the desired renown. But the musical monumentality needed for large festival performances could not be obtained locally, leaving Cincinnati's players with opportunities to perform at a high level but without a way to define their performance as a significant achievement in the world of high art. Although their orchestra was ultimately unsuccessful, however, these musicians demonstrated an agency that transcends their historical obscurity and helps incorporate aesthetic and practical aspects of institution-building into the social arguments common to discussions of Western art music in the United States.

scholarly journals The Effect of Stay-at-Home Orders on COVID-19 Infections in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Fowler ◽  
Seth J. Hill ◽  
Remy Levin ◽  
Nick Obradovich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
County Level ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
At Home

SummaryBackgroundIn March and April 2020, public health authorities in the United States acted to mitigate transmission of and hospitalizations from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These actions were not coordinated at the national level, which raises the question of what might have happened if they were. It also creates an opportunity to use spatial and temporal variation to measure their effect with greater accuracy.MethodsWe combine publicly available data sources on the timing of stay-at-home orders and daily confirmed COVID-19 cases at the county level in the United States (N = 124,027). We then derive from the classic SIR model a two-way fixed-effects model and apply it to the data with controls for unmeasured differences between counties and over time. This enables us to estimate the effect of stay-at-home orders while accounting for local variation in factors like health systems and demographics, and temporal variation in national mitigation actions, access to tests, or exposure to media reports that could influence the course of the disease.FindingsMean county-level daily growth in COVID-19 infections peaked at 17.2% just before stay-at-home orders were issued. Two way fixed-effects regression estimates suggest that orders were associated with a 3.9 percentage point (95% CI 1.2 to 6.6) reduction in the growth rate after one week and a 6.9 percentage point (2.4 to 11.5) reduction after two weeks. By day 27 the reduction (22.6 percentage points, 14.8 to 30.5) had surpassed the growth at the peak, indicating that growth had turned negative and the number of new daily infections was beginning to decline. A hypothetical national stay-at-home order issued on March 13, 2020 when a national emergency was declared might have reduced cumulative infections by 63.3%, and might have helped to reverse exponential growth in the disease by April 10.InterpretationAlthough stay-at-home orders impose great costs to society, delayed responses and piecemeal application of these orders generate similar costs without obtaining the full potential benefits suggested by this analysis. The results here suggest that a coordinated nationwide stay-at-home order might have reduced by hundreds of thousands the current number of infections and by tens of thousands the total number of deaths from COVID-19. Future efforts in the United States and elsewhere to control pandemics should coordinate stay-at-home orders at the national level, especially for diseases for which local spread has already occurred and testing availability is delayed. Since stay-at-home orders reduce infection growth rates, early implementation when infection counts are still low would be most beneficial.FundingNone.

scholarly journals Association of University Reopening Policies with New Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Cheng Ma ◽  
Weijing Tang ◽  
Xuefei Zhang ◽  
Ji Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
P Value ◽  
County Level ◽  
Hybrid Mode ◽  
County Population ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Mean

AbstractReopening of universities in the U.S. has been controversial in the setting of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We leveraged several publicly available data sources to study the association of county-level new confirmed COVID-19 case rates since September 1st and the number of students returning to campus across 2,893 U.S. counties with and without universities. In 1,069 U.S. counties with universities, we also studied the association of different reopening policies (online, in-person, hybrid) on new confirmed COVID-19 cases. Multivariate regression models estimated both effects of university reopening and different reopening policies. Mean number of daily confirmed cases per 10,000 county population was 1.51 from August 1st to August 31st, and 1.98 from September 1st to October 22nd. Mean number of students returning to universities was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.8% to 2.3%) of the county population and the number of students returning to campus had a positive association (β = 2.006, p-value < 0.001) with new confirmed COVID-19 cases within the local county region where the institution resided. For U.S. counties with universities, the mean proportion of online enrollment within each county was 40.1% (95% CI, 37.4% to 42.8%), with most students enrolling in-person or hybrid mode. In comparison to holding class in-person, reopening universities online (β = -0.329, p-value < 0.001) or in a hybrid mode (β = -0.272, p-value = 0.012) was negatively associated with new confirmed COVID-19 cases. These findings could help public health officials consider policies to mitigate additional waves of infection during the upcoming winter.Significance StatementOur study finds that higher numbers of students returning to campus was associated with an increase in new confirmed COVID-19 cases; reopening online or partially online was associated with slower spread of the virus, in comparison to in-person reopening. These findings could provide guidance for policymakers on universities’ reopening in upcoming semesters.

scholarly journals Social determinants of COVID-19 mortality at the county level

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Fielding-Miller ◽  
Maria E. Sundaram ◽  
Kimberly Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
National Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
County Level ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive Models

AbstractThe United States is currently the global epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging data suggests that social determinants of health may be key drivers of the epidemic, and that minorities, migrants, and essential workers may bear a disproportionate degree of risk. We used publicly accessible datasets to build a series of spatial autoregressive models assessing county level associations between COVID- 19 mortality and (1) Percentage of Non-English speaking households, (2) percentage of individuals engaged in hired farm work, (3) percentage of uninsured individuals under the age of 65, and (3) percentage of individuals living at or below the poverty line. Across all counties (n=2940), counties with more farmworkers, more residents living in poverty, higher density, and more residents over the age of 65 had significantly higher levels of mortality. In urban counties (n=114), only county density was significantly associated with mortality. In non-urban counties (n=2826), counties with more non- English speaking households and more farm workers had significantly higher levels of mortality, as did counties with higher levels of poverty and more residents over the age of 65. More uninsured residents was significantly associated with decreased reported COVID-19 mortality. Individuals who do not speak English, individuals engaged in farm work, and individuals living in poverty may be at heightened risk for COVID-19 mortality in non-urban counties. Mortality among the uninsured may be being systematically undercounted in county and national level surveillance.

Obesity Is Inversely Associated With Natural Amenities and Recreation Facilities Per Capita

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1032-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts ◽  
Michael B. Edwards ◽  
Justin B. Moore ◽  
Kindal A. Shores ◽  
Katrina Drowatzky DuBose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
United States Department ◽  
County Level ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Natural Amenities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Recreation Facilities

Background:Little is known about the associations between natural amenities, recreation facility density, and obesity, at a national level. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to examine associations between county-level natural amenities, density of recreation facilities, and obesity prevalence among United States counties.Methods:Data were obtained from a compilation of sources within the United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Food Environment Atlas. Independent variables of interest were the natural amenities scale and recreation facilities per capita. The dependent variable was county-level obesity prevalence. Potential covariates included a measure of county-level percent Black residents, percent Hispanic residents, median age, and median household income. All models were stratified by population loss, persistent poverty, and metro status. Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine the association between obesity and natural amenities and recreation facilities, with “state” as a random effects second level variable.Results:There were statistically significant negative associations between percent obesity and 1) natural amenities and 2) recreation facilities per capita.Conclusions:Future research should examine environmental and policy changes to increase recreation facilities and enhance accessible natural amenities to decrease obesity rates.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of the Scientific Publications of Universities: A Study of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences during 1992-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidar Mokhtari ◽  
Seyedeh Zahra Mirezati ◽  
Mohammad Karim Saberi ◽  
Farzaneh Fazli ◽  
Mohammad Kharabati-Neshin
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Bibliometric Indicator ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
High Level

The evaluation of universities from different perspectives is important for their scientific development. Analyzing the scientific papers of a university under the bibliometric approach is one main evaluative approach. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis and visualization of papers published by Hamadan University of Medical Science (HUMS), Iran, during 1992-2018. This study used bibliometric and visualization techniques. Scopus database was used for data collection. 3753 papers were retrieved by applying Affiliation Search in Scopus advanced search section. Excel and VOSviewer software packages were used for data analysis and bibliometric indicator extraction. An increasing trend was seen in the numbers of HUMS's published papers and received citations. The highest rate of collaboration in national level was with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Internationally, HUMS's researchers had the highest collaboration with the authors from the United States, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, respectively. All highly-cited papers were published in high level Q1 journals. Term clustering demonstrated four main clusters: epidemiological studies, laboratory studies, pharmacological studies, and microbiological studies. The results of this study can be beneficial to the policy-makers of this university. In addition, researchers and bibliometricians can use this study as a pattern for studying and visualizing the bibliometric indicators of other universities and research institutions.

scholarly journals Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? Evidence From National Data

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 233285841987544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis A. Pearman ◽  
F. Chris Curran ◽  
Benjamin Fisher ◽  
Joseph Gardella
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Gap ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achievement Gaps ◽  
Discipline Gap ◽  
Racial Achievement ◽  
Hispanic White

There is growing interest in the relation between the racial achievement gap and the racial discipline gap. However, few studies have examined this relation at the national level. This study combines data from the Stanford Education Data Archive and the Civil Rights Data Collection and employs a district fixed effects analysis to examine whether and the extent to which racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps in Grades 3 through 8 in districts across the United States. In bivariate models, we find evidence that districts with larger racial discipline gaps have larger racial achievement gaps (and vice versa). Though other district-level differences account for the positive association between the Hispanic-White discipline gap and the Hispanic-White achievement gap, we find robust evidence that the positive association between the Black-White discipline gap and the Black-White achievement gap persists after controlling for a multitude of confounding factors. We also find evidence that the mechanisms connecting achievement to disciplinary outcomes are more salient for Black than White students.

The Effect of Temperature on the Incidence Rate of COVID19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Massetti ◽  
Eric Dobbie ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Kamran Paynabar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
County Level ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Us States ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Lower Incidence Rate

Abstract In this paper, we exploit random variation of daily temperature in the United States at both state and county level, from March 1st to October 31st 2020, to study if temperature has a significant effect on COVID19 incidence rate. We find that warmer than average days lead to a lower incidence rate, seven days later. A week in which temperature is consistently one standard deviation above the monthly average in all US states causes 17,754 fewer cases at national level, seven days later. Other weather variables do not have a significant and robust effect on the incidence rate. The effect of temperature is heterogeneous over space and time.

scholarly journals Schooling amidst a pandemic: parents' perceptions about reopening schools and anticipated challenges during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Meghani ◽  
Smisha Agarwal ◽  
Alexander John Zapf ◽  
Jeffrey Edwards ◽  
Alain Bernard Labrique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
After School ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Level

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous states in the United States instituted measures to close schools or shift them to virtual platforms. Understanding parents' preferences for sending their children back to school, and their experiences with distance learning is critical for informing school reopening guidelines. This study characterizes parents' plans to send their children to school, and examines the challenges associated with school closures during the 2020-2021 academic year. Methods: A national-level cross-sectional online survey was conducted in September 2020. Focusing on a subset of 510 respondents, who were parents of school-aged children, we examined variations in parents' plans for their children to return to school by their demographic and family characteristics, and challenges they anticipated during the school-year using multivariable logistic regressions. Results: Fifty percent of respondents (n=249) said that they would send their children back to school, 18% (n=92) stated it would depend on what the district plans for school reopening, and 32% (n=160) would not send their children back to school. No demographic characteristics were significantly associated with parents plans to not return their children to school. Overall, parents reported high-level of access to digital technology to support their children's learning needs (84%). However, those who reported challenges with distance learning due to a lack of childcare were less likely not to return their children to school (aOR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.64). Parents who reported requiring supervision after school had higher odds of having plans to not return their children to school (aOR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.79). Parents viewed COVID-19 vaccines and face masks important for resuming in-person classes. Discussion: About one-third of parents surveyed objected to their children returning to school despite facing challenges with distance learning. Besides access to vaccines and face masks, our findings highlight the need to better equip parents to support remote learning, and childcare.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Historic Influenza Vaccinations in the United States: A Comparative Analysis

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Pranav Mirpuri ◽  
Richard A. Rovin
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
County Level ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Us Counties

The COVID-19 vaccination effort is a monumental global challenge. Recognizing and addressing the causes of vaccine hesitancy will improve vaccine uptake. The primary objective of this study was to compare the COVID-19 vaccination rates in US counties to historical vaccination rates for influenza in persons aged 65 and older. The secondary objective was to identify county-level demographic, socioeconomic, and political factors that influence vaccination rates. County level data were obtained from publicly available databases for comparison and to create predictive models. Overall, in US counties the COVID-19 vaccination rate exceeded influenza vaccination rates amongst those aged 65 or older (69.4.0% vs. 44%, p < 0.0001). 2690 (83.4%) of 3224 counties had vaccinated 50% or more of their 65 and older residents in the first seven months of the COVID-19 vaccination roll out. There were 467 (14.5%) of 3223 counties in which the influenza vaccination rate exceeded the COVID-19 vaccination rate. Most of these counties were in the Southern region, were considered politically “red” and had a significantly higher non-Hispanic Black resident population (14.4% vs. 8.2%, p < 0.0001). Interventions intended to improve uptake should account for nuances in vaccine access, confidence, and consider factual social media messaging, especially in vulnerable counties.

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