scholarly journals The experimental emergence of convention in a non-human primate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Claidière ◽  
Joel Fagot ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
Anthony Formaux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Papio Papio ◽  
Beneficial Outcome ◽  
Human Primate

Conventions form an essential part of human social and cultural behaviour and may also be important to other animals. Yet, despite the wealth of evidence that has accumulated for culture in non-human animals, we know surprisingly little about non-human conventions beyond a few rare examples. We follow the literature in behavioural ecology and evolution and define conventions as behaviours that solve a coordination problem in which two or more individuals need to display complementary behaviour to obtain a mutually beneficial outcome. We review and discuss the literature on conventions in non-human primates and come to the conclusion that all the ingredients for conventions to emerge are present and therefore that they ought to be more frequently observed. We probe emergence of conventions by using a unique novel experimental system in which pairs of baboons (Papio papio) can voluntarily participate together in touch-screen based cognitive testing and we show that conventions readily emerge in our experimental setup and that they share three fundamental properties of human conventions (arbitrariness, stability and efficiency). These results question the idea that imitation is necessary to establish conventions.

scholarly journals The experimental emergence of convention in a non-human primate

2021 ◽  
Vol 377 (1843) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Formaux ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
Joël Fagot ◽  
Nicolas Claidière
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Papio Papio ◽  
Animal Societies ◽  
Human Primate

Conventions form an essential part of human social and cultural behaviour and may also be important to other animal societies. Yet, despite the wealth of evidence that has accumulated for culture in non-human animals, we know surprisingly little about non-human conventions beyond a few rare examples. We follow the literature in behavioural ecology and evolution and define conventions as systematic behaviours that solve a coordination problem in which two or more individuals need to display complementary behaviour to obtain a mutually beneficial outcome. We start by discussing the literature on conventions in non-human primates from this perspective and conclude that all the ingredients for conventions to emerge are present and therefore that they ought to be more frequently observed. We then probe the emergence of conventions by using a unique novel experimental system in which pairs of Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) can voluntarily participate together in touchscreen-based cognitive testing and we show that conventions readily emerge in our experimental set-up and that they share three fundamental properties of human conventions (arbitrariness, stability and efficiency). These results question the idea that observational learning, and imitation in particular, is necessary to establish conventions; they suggest that positive reinforcement is enough. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines’.

Ice Loads on Azimuthing Podded Propulsors

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayhan Akinturk ◽  
Stephen J. Jones ◽  
Dale Duffy ◽  
Barbara Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Propeller Shaft ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Ice Loads ◽  
Propulsion Unit ◽  
Initial Results

The paper describes the experimental setup and presents some of the results obtained. The experimental system is designed and built to measure the loads on the blade, on the propeller shaft bearings, on the shaft, and on the whole propulsion unit (global loads). Experiments have been conducted at various headings form 0° to 180°, thrust directions (aft or forward), and advance coefficients. In the experiments, ice sheets of 60 mm thickness were used. Target flexural strength of the ice sheets was 60 kPa at the start of the experiments. During the course of the experiments, thickness, flexural, compressive and shear strength values of the ice sheets were sampled at certain time intervals in order to record the variations in the ice properties. Initial results suggest that there was an increase of the loads exerted on the podded system due to ice. The increase varies at different azimuth angles and advance velocities.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on emergency processes in real time Impulse Power Conversion Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny A Godovnikov ◽  
Ruslan T Usmanov
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Analysis Of Time Series

This article describes an experimental system for studying the dynamics of impulse power conversion systems. The peculiarity of this experimental setup is due to the implementation of the analysis of time series of synchronized in real-time through the use of microcontrollers STMicroelectronics and National Instruments firms.

scholarly journals Collaboration and Gender Focality in Stag Hunt Bargaining

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Geraldine Guarin ◽  
J. Jobu Babin
Keyword(s):  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Optimal Outcome ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Stag Hunt ◽  
Collaborative Task ◽  
Stag Hunt Game ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Beneficial Outcome

Knowing the gender of a counterpart can be focal in the willingness to collaborate in team settings that resemble the classic coordination problem. This paper explores whether knowing a co-worker’s gender affects coordination on the mutually beneficial outcome in a socially risky environment. In an experimental setting, subjects play a one-shot stag hunt game framed as a collaborative task in which they can “work together” or “work alone.” We exogenously vary whether workers know the gender of their counterparts pre-play. When gender is revealed, female players tend to gravitate to collaboration and efficient coordination regardless of the knowledge. Males, when knowingly paired with another male, tend to collaborate less, and thus, are less likely to coordinate on the Pareto optimal outcome. These results demonstrate one way that gender focality can lead to inefficient outcomes and provide insight for organizations looking to induce collaboration among workers.

The Impact of Subjective and Objective Hearing Loss on Cognition and Memory in Older Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Rogalski ◽  
Amy Rominger
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Professional Collaboration ◽  
Cognitive Screening ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Text Passage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Audiologic Evaluation

For this exploratory cross-disciplinary study, a speech-language pathologist and an audiologist collaborated to investigate the effects of objective and subjective hearing loss on cognition and memory in 11 older adults without hearing loss (OAs), 6 older adults with unaided hearing loss (HLOAs), and 16 young adults (YAs). All participants received cognitive testing and a complete audiologic evaluation including a subjective questionnaire about perceived hearing difficulty. Memory testing involved listening to or reading aloud a text passage then verbally recalling the information. Key findings revealed that objective hearing loss and subjective hearing loss were correlated and both were associated with a cognitive screening test. Potential clinical implications are discussed and include a need for more cross-professional collaboration in assessing older adults with hearing loss.

Detecting Random Responses in a Personality Scale Using IRT-Based Person-Fit Indices

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tour Liu ◽  
Tian Lan ◽  
Tao Xin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Random Response ◽  
Person Fit ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Person Fit Index ◽  
Random Responses ◽  
Response Behaviors

Abstract. Random response is a very common aberrant response behavior in personality tests and may negatively affect the reliability, validity, or other analytical aspects of psychological assessment. Typically, researchers use a single person-fit index to identify random responses. This study recommends a three-step person-fit analysis procedure. Unlike the typical single person-fit methods, the three-step procedure identifies both global misfit and local misfit individuals using different person-fit indices. This procedure was able to identify more local misfit individuals than single-index method, and a graphical method was used to visualize those particular items in which random response behaviors appear. This method may be useful to researchers in that it will provide them with more information about response behaviors, allowing better evaluation of scale administration and development of more plausible explanations. Real data were used in this study instead of simulation data. In order to create real random responses, an experimental test administration was designed. Four different random response samples were produced using this experimental system.

Reflections on the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework

Methodology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Willis ◽  
Hennie Boeije
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Cognitive Interviewing ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Reporting Framework ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Key Steps

Based on the experiences of three research groups using and evaluating the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework (CIRF), we draw conclusions about the utility of the CIRF as a guide to creating cognitive testing reports. Authors generally found the CIRF checklist to be usable, and that it led to a more complete description of key steps involved. However, despite the explicit direction by the CIRF to include a full explanation of major steps and features (e.g., research objectives and research design), the three cognitive testing reports tended to simply state what was done, without further justification. Authors varied in their judgments concerning whether the CIRF requires the appropriate level of detail. Overall, we believe that current cognitive interviewing practice will benefit from including, within cognitive testing reports, the 10 categories of information specified by the CIRF. Future use of the CIRF may serve to direct the overall research project from the start, and to further the goal of evaluation of specific cognitive interviewing procedures.

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