scholarly journals The experimental emergence of convention in a non-human primate

2021 ◽  
Vol 377 (1843) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Formaux ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
Joël Fagot ◽  
Nicolas Claidière
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Papio Papio ◽  
Animal Societies ◽  
Human Primate

Conventions form an essential part of human social and cultural behaviour and may also be important to other animal societies. Yet, despite the wealth of evidence that has accumulated for culture in non-human animals, we know surprisingly little about non-human conventions beyond a few rare examples. We follow the literature in behavioural ecology and evolution and define conventions as systematic behaviours that solve a coordination problem in which two or more individuals need to display complementary behaviour to obtain a mutually beneficial outcome. We start by discussing the literature on conventions in non-human primates from this perspective and conclude that all the ingredients for conventions to emerge are present and therefore that they ought to be more frequently observed. We then probe the emergence of conventions by using a unique novel experimental system in which pairs of Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) can voluntarily participate together in touchscreen-based cognitive testing and we show that conventions readily emerge in our experimental set-up and that they share three fundamental properties of human conventions (arbitrariness, stability and efficiency). These results question the idea that observational learning, and imitation in particular, is necessary to establish conventions; they suggest that positive reinforcement is enough. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines’.

scholarly journals The experimental emergence of convention in a non-human primate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Claidière ◽  
Joel Fagot ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
Anthony Formaux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Papio Papio ◽  
Beneficial Outcome ◽  
Human Primate

Conventions form an essential part of human social and cultural behaviour and may also be important to other animals. Yet, despite the wealth of evidence that has accumulated for culture in non-human animals, we know surprisingly little about non-human conventions beyond a few rare examples. We follow the literature in behavioural ecology and evolution and define conventions as behaviours that solve a coordination problem in which two or more individuals need to display complementary behaviour to obtain a mutually beneficial outcome. We review and discuss the literature on conventions in non-human primates and come to the conclusion that all the ingredients for conventions to emerge are present and therefore that they ought to be more frequently observed. We probe emergence of conventions by using a unique novel experimental system in which pairs of baboons (Papio papio) can voluntarily participate together in touch-screen based cognitive testing and we show that conventions readily emerge in our experimental setup and that they share three fundamental properties of human conventions (arbitrariness, stability and efficiency). These results question the idea that imitation is necessary to establish conventions.

Study the Relative Permeability of Ferrofluid with the Mean Value Analysis of Experimental Apparent Gravity

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 533-536
Author(s):  
Je Ee Ho
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Magnetic Characteristic ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Set Up

Relative permeability is an important magnetic characteristic for ferrofluid to exhibit its magnetized potential during the magnetization process. To understand above physical property varying with field intensity, a popular analytic model, based on Langevin theory, has been usually considered and widely used. Unfortunately, an implicit model, derived from above hypothesis, for solving the instantaneous magnetization of ferro-particle will be carried out unless the determination of saturated magnetization should be conducted in advance. Just for the study dealing with magnetic property of testing ferro-sample is concerned, the previous acquisition of magnetization curve is impossible and unpractical without the precise measurement of magnetization-degree. On the other hand, required experimental expense is still so costly that it seems to be unaffordable for general laboratory. Thus a self-designed electromagnetic mechanism with special facility of smaller size, economical cost and efficient operation to quantify the reduced gravity of ferro-sample attracts our interest and is set up in this study. Meantime, an auxiliary numerical method, Newton interpolatory divided-difference formulas in trapezoidal rule, involved in this study successfully avoids the essentiality of saturated magnetization determined previously, and which also provides a numerical approximation through the weight loss of ferrofluid experienced by the designed experimental system. As compared with the result measured by VSM (vibration sample magnetometer) method, the estimated profile shows an excellent agreement except the extraordinary outcome occurring at B=6 mT, where a drastic increase of relative permeability will be evaluated due to the faster magnetization starts.

Continuous Cultures of Plasmodium Falciparum Established in Tanzania From Patients With Acute Malaria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Humphrey Urio ◽  
Matilda Mkombachepa ◽  
Gration Rwegasira ◽  
Twilumba Makene ◽  
Billy Ngasala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Host Cell Interactions ◽  
Set Up

Abstract BackgroundMalaria morbidity and mortality, almost entirely from Plasmodium falciparum, are still rampant in Africa: therefore, it is important to study the biology of the parasite and the parasite-host cell interactions. In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum is most useful for this purpose, as well as for investigating drug resistance and possible new therapies. Here we report that the Trager & Jensen continuous culture of P. falciparum can be established in a laboratory in Tanzania with minimal facilities and with modest expenditure.MethodsAn in vitro set-up of continuous culture of P. falciparum was carried out in 2016 to 2020 at Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences, Dar-es salaam. Parasite samples were obtained from patients with acute malaria, frozen parasites and live cultures. Data was collected and analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 8.ResultsWe have successfully achieved exponential growth of existing strains that are used worldwide, as well as of parasites in clinical samples from patients with acute malaria. In the aim to optimize growth we have compared human serum and bovine serum albumin as components of the culture media. In addition, culture synchronization has been achieved using sorbitol.ConclusionThis experimental system is now available to our institution and to researchers aiming at investigating drug sensitivity and mechanisms of protection against Plasmodium falciparum that accrue from various genes expressed in red cells.

Experimental Study on Skin Friction Reduction With Micro-Blowing

Volume 4 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Liu ◽  
Hongmin Li ◽  
Minel J. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Main Flow ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Set Up

Reducing skin friction, such as friction on a car hood or a plane wing, can significantly reduce the drag force and decrease specific fuel consumption. Many techniques and methods have been tried. The Micro-blowing Technique (MBT) is an innovative way to reduce skin friction. Suggested by early research in boundary layer injection in 1950s, MBT was actually brought to effective use in 1994 by Hwang [1]. The basic idea is that by blowing fluid, same as or different from the mainstream flow, at an angle with that of the main flow, a decrease in the velocity gradient at the wall can be achieved, and thus the shear stress on the surface is reduced. Although the experimental data on boundary layer with micro blowing show a significant friction reduction, the mechanism of MBT is still not well understood and thus its full range of application is not yet established. In this paper, we further the understanding of the MBT mechanism. An experimental system is set up to visualize the flow structure on a plate with and without micro blowing in a tunnel. A long distance microscope is combined with a Full Field Flow Tracking visualization method in order to elucidate the nature of the flow interaction and mixing between the blowing flow and the main flow. The flow above the porous plates is visualized and velocities both in the blowing layer immediately adjacent to the plate and in the main flow are quantified using the PIV procedure. The flow and shear stress analysis shows that MTB has significantly different effects on a flow with a boundary layer and fully developed internal flows.

Numerical Simulation of Coaxial Evaporating Spray in Nozzle Region of Circulating Fluidized Reactor

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhu ◽  
Xiaohua Wang ◽  
Guangliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Numerical Code ◽  
Solid Flow ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Lagrangian Simulation ◽  
Solids Loading ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Evaporating Spray

Full field hydrodynamic mixing of a coaxial evaporating spray in the nozzle region of a circulating fluidized reactor was numerically investigated. An Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical code was developed for the field description of evaporating spray characteristics with strong phase interactions among evaporating droplets, solids and gas. The gas-solid flow is simulated using multi-fluid method coupled with kinetic theory modeling for inter-particle collisions while the spray is treated as the discrete droplets in a pseudo-continuum gas-solid flow. The Lagrangian simulation of the spray provides the needed coupling terms for the Eulerian simulation of gas-solid flows, such as droplet evaporation rate and interactions among phase of droplets, gas and solids. Phase distributions of temperature, velocity and concentration were achieved to explain the mixing process of evaporating spray in gas-solid flows. Effects of inlet solids loading and droplet size distribution on both spray structure and spray penetration depth were illustrated. An experimental system of liquid nitrogen spray into a circulating fluidized bed of fluid catalytic cracking particles is set up to provide experimental validation of our model. Good comparisons of the simulation and measurements are illustrated.

scholarly journals Numerical Investigation on Instability Flow Behaviors of Liquid Oxygen in a Feeding Pipeline with a Five-Way Spherical Cavity

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Fushou Xie ◽  
Siqi Xia ◽  
Erfeng Chen ◽  
Yanzhong Li ◽  
Hongwei Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Spherical Cavity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Liquid Oxygen ◽  
Cavity Structure ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pressure Fall

The hydrodynamic information of liquid oxygen in the conveying pipeline of cryogenic launch vehicles directly determines the reliability of the operation of the turbopump. A 0.09 MPa anomalous pressure fall phenomenon in the feeding system has been observed during the flight and run test of a cryogenic rocket with four parallel engines. In previous work, we set up a full-scale experimental system with liquid oxygen as media. The anomalous pressure fall was successfully reproduced. Experimental studies of this phenomenon suggest that the problem might be associated with vortices into the five-way spherical cavity structure. The objective of this study was to determine the three-dimensional instability flow by computational methods to identify and better understand the anomalous pressure fall phenomenon. A numerical model developed by the turbulent conservation equations was validated by experimental data. The generation and evolution of vortices into the five-way spherical cavity of feeding pipelines was captured. It was found that the root cause of the instability flow causing the unusual pressure fall is the formation of a spindle-like vortex into the five-way spherical cavity due to disturbance of the inlet liquid oxygen. The results showed that there is a mirror-symmetrical four-vortices structure in the absence of disturbance, in which the liquid oxygen pressure fall with the rise of the Reynolds number is in good agreement with the predicting values calculated by a set of traditional empirical correlations. In the case of the specific operating conditions, it is also consistent with the experimental results. When the disturbance occurs at the inlet of the spherical cavity, the mirror-symmetrical four-vortices structure gradually evolves into the mirror-symmetrical two-vortices structure. When the disturbance is further enhanced, the mirror-symmetrical two-vortices structure merge with each other to form a spindle-like vortex, which is similar to the Rankine vortex structure. The pressure fall on the corresponding side of the spindle-like vortex core reduces abnormally, and is about 0.07 MPa, which is consistent with the experimental data under certain disturbance conditions. Moreover, it was found that the spindle-like vortex is a stable eddy structure, and would continue to exist once it is formed, which could also not disappear with the removal of the disturbance.

Speech Noise Cancellation Based on a Neuro-Fuzzy System: Further Improvements

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Anna Esposito ◽  
◽  
Eugene C. Ezin ◽  
Carlos A. Reyes-Garcia ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Distortion ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Average Improvement ◽  
Set Up

This work reports on an experimental system based upon the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) architecture, which is employed for identifying a nonlinear model of the unknown dynamic characteristics of the noise transmission paths. The output of this model is used to subtract the noisy components from the received signal. The novelty of the system described in the present paper, with respect to our previous work, consists in a different set up, which requires more fuzzy rules, generated by seven trapezoidal membership functions, and uses a second order it sinc function to generate the nonlinear distortion of the noise. Once trained for few epochs (only three) with a long sentence corrupted with babble noise, the FIS obtained, has the ability to clean speech sentences corrupted by babble and also by car, traffic, and white noise, in a computational time almost close to realtime. The average improvement, in terms of SNR, was 37 dB without further training.

A small displacement torsor model for tolerance analysis in a workpiece-fixture assembly

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (8) ◽  
pp. 1005-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Asante
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Tolerance Analysis ◽  
Geometric Error ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Small Displacement Torsor ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Workpiece Setup ◽  
Feature Constraints

Workpiece geometric error, locator geometric error, and clamping error are factors that influence workpiece setup in workpiece fixturing. These errors accumulate and propagate during fixturing. They may be the reason for a machined feature being out of tolerance after machining. This paper presents a methodology for modelling and analysing the combined effect of these errors on a machined feature. Deviation of a machined feature due to the combined errors is expressed in terms of the small displacement torsor parameters. Given a tolerance on the machined feature, constraints are specified for that feature to establish a relationship between the tolerance zone of the feature and the torsor parameters. These constraints provide boundaries within which the machined feature must lie. This is used for tolerance analysis of the machined feature. A case study example was used to illustrate the approach. An experimental system was also set up to verify the analytical model. The results show that this approach offers an effective means for fixturing tolerance analysis.

scholarly journals The Influence of Mechanical-stress on the Quartz Filter Features

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gao Ao ◽  
Xia Gang ◽  
Kong Yong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Transmission Spectrum ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Center Wavelength ◽  
Quartz Filter ◽  
Filter Output ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Correct Design

In order to study the effect of mechanical-stress on the quartz filter output, based on the elasto-optical effect of quartz crystal, the relationship between berifringent difference of quratz plate and mechanical-stress is deduced, the experimental system is set up by using Ultra-6600 UV spectrophotometer, and received the transmission spectrum of Lyot quartz birefringence filter, the transmission spectrum was investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail. The results show that when applied different mechanical stresses, the center wavelength of quartz birefringent filter changed, and the drifting direction of the center wavelength is related to the size of applied mechanical stress, the drifting size of the center wavelength is related to the direction of applied mechanical stress. It is helpful for the manufacturing, correct design and application of quartz birefringence filter.

scholarly journals A PRACTICAL HYDROPONIC SYSTEM FOR USE IN PLANT NUTRITION STUDIES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 670d-670
Author(s):  
Larry S. Kennedy ◽  
William B. Beavers ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

A common problem of researchers concerned with micronutrient plant nutrition is the development of a reliable and affordable experimental system. If nutrient distribution is uneven or subject to outside contamination, then the time and resources dedicated to a project will have been wasted. We have devised a dependable and cost effective nutrient distribution system which has many practical applications. This design is relatively maintenance free, easily adaptable to existing greenhouse conditions and limits the possibility of outside contamination. Using perlite as the rooting medium, our system is constructed of easily obtainable hardware and mechanical components. The total material cost of our system, which included three nutrient treatments, was approximately $800. This resulted in a conservative estimate of $12.50 per plant in our particular study. However, the cost of a larger experiment would be reduced considerably since additional replications could be added at approximately $2.00 each. The experimental set-up is described along with the initial cost analysis.

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