Search strategies improve with practice, but not with time pressure or financial incentives

When searching for an object, do we minimize the number of eye movements we need to make? Under most circumstances, the cost of saccadic parsimony likely outweighs the benefit, given the cost is extensive computation and the benefit is a few hundred milliseconds of time saved. Previous research has measured the proportion of eye movements directed to locations where the target would have been visible in the periphery, as a way of quantifying the proportion of superfluous fixations. A surprisingly large range of individual differences has emerged from these studies, suggesting some people are highly efficient and others much less so. Our question in the current study is whether these individual differences can be explained by differences in motivation. In two experiments, we demonstrate that neither time pressure, nor financial incentive, led to improvements of visual search strategies; the majority of participants continued to make many superfluous fixations in both experiments. The wide range of individual differences in efficiency observed previously was replicated here. We observed small but consistent improvements in strategy over the course of the experiment (regardless of reward or time pressure) suggesting practice, not motivation, makes participants more efficient.

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Search strategies improve with practice, but not with time pressure or financial incentives.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance ◽

10.1037/xhp0000912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 1009-1021

Author(s):

Anna Nowakowska ◽

Alasdair D. F. Clarke ◽

Jacqueline von Seth ◽

Amelia R. Hunt

Keyword(s):

Financial Incentives ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Search Strategies

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Cost-effectiveness of financial incentives to improve glycemic control in adults with diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248762

Author(s):

Leonard E. Egede ◽

Rebekah J. Walker ◽

Clara E. Dismuke-Greer ◽

Sarah Pyzyk ◽

Aprill Z. Dawson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Financial Incentives ◽

Financial Incentive ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Time Frame ◽

Home Testing ◽

Incentive Structures ◽

Intervention Cost ◽

The Cost ◽

Group 1

Purpose Determine the cost-effectiveness of three financial incentive structures in obtaining a 1% within group drop in HbA1c among adults with diabetes. Methods 60 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three financial incentive structures and followed for 3-months. Group 1 (low frequency) received a single incentive for absolute HbA1c reduction, Group 2 (moderate frequency) received a two-part incentive for home testing of glucose and absolute HbA1c reduction and Group 3 (high frequency) received a multiple component incentive for home testing, attendance of weekly telephone education classes and absolute HbA1c reduction. The primary clinical outcome was HbA1c reduction within each arm at 3-months. Cost for each arm was calculated based on the cost of the intervention, cost of health care visits during the 3-month time frame, and cost of workdays missed from illness. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated based on achieving a 1% within group drop in HbA1c and were bootstrapped with 1,000 replications. Results The ICER to decrease HbA1c by 1% was $1,100 for all three arms, however, bootstrapped standard errors differed with Group 1 having twice the variation around the ICER coefficient as Groups 2 and 3. ICERs were statistically significant for Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.001) indicating they are cost effective interventions. Conclusions Given ICERs of prior diabetes interventions range from $1,000-$4,000, a cost of $1,100 per 1% within group decrease in HbA1c is a promising intervention. Multi-component incentive structures seem to have the least variation in cost-effectiveness.

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A Self-Sealing Suction Cup Array for Grasping

Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics ◽

10.1115/1.4004893 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chad C. Kessens ◽

Jaydev P. Desai

Keyword(s):

Large Range ◽

Tensile Loading ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Suction Force ◽

Suction Cup ◽

Wide Range ◽

Suction Cups ◽

The Cost

While suction technology was invented long ago, the application of suction to object manipulation thus far has been confined to many small, well-defined problem sets. Its potential for grasping a large range of unknown objects remains relatively unexplored. This paper introduces the design of a suction cup that is “self-sealing.” The suction cups comprising the grasper exert no suction force when the cup(s) are not in contact with an object, but instead exert suction force only when they are in physical contact with an object. Since grasping is achieved purely by passive means, the cost and weight associated with individual sensors, valves, and/or actuators are essentially eliminated. This paper presents the design, analysis, fabrication, and experimental results of an array of such self-sealing suction cups. Finite element analysis of the cup is shown for both compressive and tensile loading, and the quality of the internal seal is quantified. Finally, performance is shown to be comparable to that of a commercially available cup, and grasping capability is demonstrated on a wide range of objects.

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Optimal Electric Vehicle Charging Considering the Effects of a Financial Incentive on Battery Ageing

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13184742 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 4742

Author(s):

Thomas Steffen ◽

Ashley Fly ◽

William Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Financial Incentives ◽

Financial Incentive ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Vehicle Owner ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Battery Degradation ◽

The Cost

As the market share of electric vehicles increases, the intermittent load on the electricity grid due to charging will increase. This can be counteracted by Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) which utilises dormant electric vehicles to feed power into the grid, generating income for the vehicle owner while relieving load across the grid. However, increased battery use through V2G can negatively affect battery health. In this work, a computational model of an electric vehicle with battery degradation is used to investigate the relationship of these effects. The analysis was conducted at the top level of detail, only considering the battery pack of the vehicle. The findings of this investigation show that the cost relating to battery degradation is smaller than the potential profit available from Vehicle-to-Grid over a three-year period. However, the benefit does not seem to be enough to justify the upfront investment requirement, and further financial incentives, such as net billing, may be required to make V2G economically viable. Future development within this field is vital for the success of the electric vehicle within the automotive markets, and for the transition to a renewable energy grid.

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Supplemental Material for Search Strategies Improve With Practice, but Not With Time Pressure or Financial Incentives

Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance ◽

10.1037/xhp0000912.supp ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Financial Incentives ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Search Strategies

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Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 4335-4350 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seth E. Tichenor ◽

J. Scott Yaruss

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Support Groups ◽

Support Group ◽

Affective States ◽

Life Outcomes ◽

Self Help ◽

Wide Range ◽

Group Experiences ◽

History Of ◽

Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

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IMPROVEMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

International scientific journal Internauka Series Economical Sciences ◽

10.25313/2520-2294-2020-11-6486 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Nataliya Stoyanets ◽

◽

Mathias Onuh Aboyi ◽

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Innovative Development ◽

Technological Equipment ◽

Alliance Partner ◽

Innovation Potential ◽

Wide Range ◽

Technological Platform ◽

The Cost

The article defines that for the successful implementation of an innovative project and the introduction of a new product into production it is necessary to use advanced technologies and modern software, which is an integral part of successful innovation by taking into account the life cycle of innovations. It is proposed to consider the general potential of the enterprise through its main components, namely: production and technological, scientific and technical, financial and economic, personnel and actual innovation potential. Base for the introduction of technological innovations LLC "ALLIANCE- PARTNER", which provides a wide range of support and consulting services, services in the employment market, tourism, insurance, translation and more. To form a model of innovative development of the enterprise, it is advisable to establish the following key aspects: the system of value creation through the model of cooperation with partners and suppliers; creating a value chain; technological platform; infrastructure, determine the cost of supply, the cost of activities for customers and for the enterprise as a whole. The system of factors of influence on formation of model of strategic innovative development of the enterprise is offered. The expediency of the cost of the complex of technological equipment, which is 6800.0 thousand UAH, is economically calculated. Given the fact that the company plans to receive funds under the program of socio-economic development of Sumy region, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovation project, the purchase of technological equipment, it is determined that the payback period of the project is 3 years 10 months. In terms of net present value (NPV), the project under study is profitable. The project profitability index (PI) meets the requirements for a positive decision on project implementation> 1.0. The internal rate of return of the project (IRR) also has a positive value of 22% because it exceeds the discount rate.

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Does Investors' Desire to Punish Misreporting Affect Their Litigation Decisions and Managers' and Investors' Welfare?

Behavioral Research in Accounting ◽

10.2308/bria-51559 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 57-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jason L. Brown ◽

Donald V. Moser

Keyword(s):

Financial Incentives ◽

Financial Incentive ◽

Securities Markets ◽

Corporate Managers ◽

Experimental Markets ◽

Welfare Benefits ◽

Reporting Decisions ◽

Legal Fees ◽

Financial Penalty ◽

Do So

ABSTRACT Shareholder litigation is an important part of the regulation of securities markets that can influence corporate managers' reporting behavior. Prior research shows that conventional economic factors affect investors' litigation decisions. We use experimental markets to examine whether investors engage in costly litigation even without a direct financial incentive to do so and whether this affects managers' reporting decisions and managers' and investors' welfare. We find that investors frequently litigate when they can impose a financial penalty on managers for misreporting even though they cannot recover their legal fees or receive restitution for their losses. Moreover, this deters managers' shirking and misreporting and improves managers' and investors' welfare almost as effectively as when investors can recover their legal fees and receive restitution for their losses. Overall, our results indicate that, in addition to financial incentives, investors' desire to punish misreporting plays an important role in their litigation decisions, and that may yield substantial welfare benefits.

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Textual Transformations

10.1093/oso/9780198808817.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Financial Incentives ◽

Book History ◽

John Dryden ◽

Book Production ◽

Original Essays ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lucy Hutchinson ◽

The Many ◽

The Impact

This collection of twelve original essays by an international team of eminent scholars in the field of book history explores the many ways in which early modern books were subject to reworking, re-presentation, revision and reinterpretation. Their history is often the history of multiple, sometimes competing, agencies as their texts were re-packaged, redirected and transformed in ways that their original authors might hardly recognize. The essays discuss the processes of editing, revision, redaction, selection, abridgement, glossing, disputation, translation and posthumous publication that resulted in a textual elasticity and mobility that could dissolve distinctions between text and paratexts, textuality and intertextuality, manuscript and print, author and reader or editor, such that title and author’s name are no longer sufficient pointers to a book’s identity or contents. The essays are alive to the impact of commercial and technological aspects of book production and distribution (discussing, for example, the career of the pre-eminent bookseller John Nourse, the market appeal of abridgements, and the financial incentives to posthumous publication), but their interest is also in the many additional forms of agency that shaped texts and their meanings as books were repurposed to articulate, and respond to, a variety of cultural and individual needs. They engage with early modern religious, political, philosophical and scholarly trends and debates as they discuss a wide range of genres and kinds of publication (including fictional and non-fictional prose, verse miscellanies, abridgements, sermons, religious controversy) and of authors and booksellers (including Lucy Hutchinson, Richard Baxter, Thomas Burnet, Elizabeth Rowe, John Dryden, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lucy Hutchinson, Henry Maundrell, John Nourse; Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, John Tillotson, Isaac Watts and John Wesley).

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