Textual Transformations

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Book History ◽  
John Dryden ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lucy Hutchinson ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

This collection of twelve original essays by an international team of eminent scholars in the field of book history explores the many ways in which early modern books were subject to reworking, re-presentation, revision and reinterpretation. Their history is often the history of multiple, sometimes competing, agencies as their texts were re-packaged, redirected and transformed in ways that their original authors might hardly recognize. The essays discuss the processes of editing, revision, redaction, selection, abridgement, glossing, disputation, translation and posthumous publication that resulted in a textual elasticity and mobility that could dissolve distinctions between text and paratexts, textuality and intertextuality, manuscript and print, author and reader or editor, such that title and author’s name are no longer sufficient pointers to a book’s identity or contents. The essays are alive to the impact of commercial and technological aspects of book production and distribution (discussing, for example, the career of the pre-eminent bookseller John Nourse, the market appeal of abridgements, and the financial incentives to posthumous publication), but their interest is also in the many additional forms of agency that shaped texts and their meanings as books were repurposed to articulate, and respond to, a variety of cultural and individual needs. They engage with early modern religious, political, philosophical and scholarly trends and debates as they discuss a wide range of genres and kinds of publication (including fictional and non-fictional prose, verse miscellanies, abridgements, sermons, religious controversy) and of authors and booksellers (including Lucy Hutchinson, Richard Baxter, Thomas Burnet, Elizabeth Rowe, John Dryden, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lucy Hutchinson, Henry Maundrell, John Nourse; Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, John Tillotson, Isaac Watts and John Wesley).

Changes in Hospital Financing and Organization and Their Impact on Hospital Performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Schreyögg
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Hospital Performance ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improve Hospital ◽  
The Impact

Since the 1980s policymakers have identified a wide range of policy interventions to improve hospital performance. Some of these have been initiated at the level of government, whereas others have taken the form of decisions made by individual hospitals but have been guided by regulatory or financial incentives. Studies investigating the impact that some of the most important of these interventions have had on hospital performance can be grouped into four different research streams. Among the research streams, the strongest evidence exists for the effects of privatization. Studies on this topic use longitudinal designs with control groups and have found robust increases in efficiency and financial performance. Evidence on the entry of hospitals into health systems and the effects of this on efficiency is similarly strong. Although the other three streams of research also contain well-conducted studies with valuable findings, they are predominantly cross-sectional in design and therefore cannot establish causation. While the effects of introducing DRG-based hospital payments and of specialization are largely unclear, vertical and horizontal cooperation probably have a positive effect on efficiency and financial performance. Lastly, the drivers of improved efficiency or financial performance are very different depending on the reform or intervention being investigated; however, reductions in the number of staff and improved bargaining power in purchasing stand out as being of particular importance. Several promising avenues for future investigation are identified. One of these is situated within a new area of research examining the link between changes in the prices of treatments and hospitals’ responses. As there is evidence of unintended effects, future studies should attempt to distinguish between changes in hospitals’ responses at the intensive margin (e.g., upcoding) versus the extensive margin (e.g., increase in admissions). When looking at the effects of entering into a health system and of privatizations, there is still considerable need for research. With privatizations, in particular, the underlying processes are not yet fully understood, and the potential trade-offs between increases in performance and changes in the quality of care have not been sufficiently examined. Lastly, there is substantial need for further papers in the areas of multi-institutional arrangements and cooperation, as well as specialization. In both research streams, natural experiments carried out using program evaluation design are lacking. One of the main challenges here, however, is that cooperation and specialization cannot be directly observed but rather must be constructed based on survey or administrative data.

Atmospheric escape from rocky M-dwarf planets orbiting within the habitable zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanfei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Habitable Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Escape ◽  
Dwarf Planets ◽  
James Webb Space Telescope ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

<p>In the last two decades, the field of exoplanets has witnessed a tremendous creative surge. Research in exoplanets now encompasses a wide range of fields ranging from astrophysics to heliophysics and climate science. One of the primary objectives of studying exoplanets is to determine the criteria for habitability, and whether certain exoplanets meet these requirements. The classical definition of the Habitable Zone (HZ) is the region around a star where liquid water can exist on the planetary surface given sufficient atmospheric pressure. However, this definition largely ignores the impact of the stellar wind and stellar magnetic activity on the erosion of an exoplanet's atmosphere. Amongst the many factors that determine habitability, understanding the mechanisms of atmospheric loss is of paramount importance.</p><p>We will discuss the impact of exoplanetary space weather on the long-term climate evolution and habitability, which offers fresh insights concerning the habitability of exoplanets, especially those orbiting M-dwarfs, such as Proxima b and the TRAPPIST-1 planets. We will focus on a wide range of atmospheric compositions, ranging from exo-Venus candidates to Earth twins, as many factors remain unresolved at this stage. Future missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will play a crucial role in constraining the atmospheres of those exoplanets. For each of these cases, we will demonstrate the importance of the exoplanetary space weather on atmospheric ion loss and habitability.</p>

scholarly journals Social and Economic Security in the System of State Protectedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
D. Shvaiba
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Deformation Processes ◽  
The Many ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Protection

Taking as a basis the scientific study of different concepts in the theory of security, it is necessary to assume that the inaccessibility of the threat in the absolute sense is impossible. In fact, there may not be a certain type of threat to a particular object in a specific period of time (if there is not yet or there is no longer a corresponding danger factor). It is necessary to take into account that interests are only a small part of a wide range of objects of state protection. This share differs subjectively and interacts with the implemented financial, economic and social policy, the productivity of which is largely dependent on the impact of individual groups of people and parties (based on socio–political preferences). In addition — it is quite a mobile category, which has the ability to change qualitatively. It is obvious that the danger is one of the many destructive moments of security, along with those of which have already been discussed, for example threat, challenge, risk, decline, crisis, cataclysm, destruction, deformation processes, etc. It is necessary to clarify that the danger in the context of the ‘security triad’ is always modified: in a short time, they have all chances to transform from the present into the probable and vice versa.

LAND-USE CHANGE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE FAPRI-CARD MODEL SYSTEM: ADDRESSING BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY

2012 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 1250014 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANI E. ELOBEID ◽  
MIGUEL A. CARRIQUIRY ◽  
JACINTO F. FABIOSA
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Even with a normalized and standardized biofuel shock, the wide range of land-use change estimates and their associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have raised concern on the adequacy of existing agricultural models in this new area of analysis. In particular, reducing bias and improving precision of impact estimates are of primary concern to policy makers. This paper provides a detailed overview of the FAPRI-CARD agricultural modeling system, with particular emphasis on the modifications recently introduced to reduce bias in the results. We illustrate the impact of these new model features using the example of the new yield specification that now includes updated trend parameter, intensification and extensification effects, and a spatially disaggregated Brazil specification. The paper also provides a taxonomy of the many types of uncertainty surrounding any analysis, including parameter-coefficient uncertainty and exogenous variable uncertainty, identifying where specific types of uncertainty originate, and how they interact. Finally, FAPRI-CARD's long experience in using stochastic analysis is presented as a viable approach in addressing uncertainty in the analysis of changes in the agricultural sector, associated land-use change, and impacts on GHG emissions.

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Volume 59

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Middle Ages

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy provides, twice each year, a collection of the best current work in the field of ancient philosophy. Each volume features original essays that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of themes and problems in all periods of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, from the beginnings to the threshold of the middle ages. From its first volume in 1983, OSAP has been a highly influential venue for work in the field, and has often featured essays of substantial length as well as critical essays on books of distinctive importance. Volume LIX contains an examination of: Aristotle’s reception of Empedocles’ ideas about harmonia and love in developing his own conception of the soul; Plato’s portrayal of the disembodied soul and how it can be the subject of bodily desires; how the philosopher rulers in Plato’s Republic are motivated to rule through bonds of philia to their fellow citizens; how Aristotle, while denying that there are magnitudes that are actually infinite, allows that there are infinitely many things; Aristotle’s distinction between the many senses of being in MetaphysicsΔ‎. 7 and the relation between existence and predication; and the explanation of Carneades’ reasons for not writing philosophical works in Philodemus’ Index Academicorum (PHerc. 1021).

Poetry as Optical Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-39
Author(s):  
Erin Webster
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
John Dryden ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Visual Theory ◽  
William Davenant ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the impact of Johannes Kepler’s mechanical model of vision on early modern poetic theory. It begins with an overview of classical visual and optical theory as they relate to Plato’s and Aristotle’s descriptions of poetry as an image-making technology. At the same time, it explains how their poetic theories are in turn connected to a philosophical tradition that associates heightened visual capacity with spiritual insight and intellectual and moral authority. The chapter then moves into an exploration of how early modern poetic theorists both inherited and adapted this existing intellectual tradition in response to the optical and visual theory of the period. By comparing Philip Sidney’s Defence of Poetry (1595) and George Puttenham’s The Arte of English Poesie (1589)—two works that pre-date Kepler’s theory—to later, seventeenth-century works by William Davenant, Thomas Hobbes, and John Dryden, this chapter shows that the changing status of the image in seventeenth-century European culture resulted in a complementary alteration within theories of poetic representation.

scholarly journals Sharing the neighbourhood: assessing the impact of kelp harvest on foraging behaviour of the European shag

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard ◽  
Jenny Mattisson ◽  
Kjell Magnus Norderhaug ◽  
Svein-Håkon Lorentsen
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Kelp Forest ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Coastal kelp forest ecosystems create dynamic and productive habitats, supporting a wide range of epiphytic flora, invertebrates, fish and seabirds. Worldwide, kelp is harvested commercially, affecting kelp-associated animal communities. There is, however, limited knowledge of how fish and seabird respond to kelp harvest, highlighting the need to evaluate the ecological impact of harvest on all ecosystem levels. Using 6 years of GPS-tracking data, we examined the effects of kelp harvest on foraging behaviour of breeding European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) from a colony in central Norway. We determined the spatial overlap between kelp harvest and foraging areas of shags and assessed the immediate, short- and long-term impacts of harvest on shag foraging behaviour. Our results demonstrated large spatial and temporal overlap in areas used by foraging shags and kelp harvest. We could not detect any clear alterations in the diving activity of shags due to kelp harvest. However, the broad temporal and spatial scale of our study constrained the detection of fine scale changes in shag behaviour in response to kelp harvest. Our study, nonetheless, identifies several issues that should be addressed before concluding on the effects of kelp harvest on seabird populations. This includes the need for experimental studies using directed and controlled harvest to investigate the effects of kelp harvest through the different trophic levels, including top predators. This is essential for ecosystem-based management of coastal resources, considering the many species composed in the coastal ecosystem.

scholarly journals Homophily in social networks

2016 ◽  
pp. 325-338
Author(s):  
Аna Bilinovic ◽  
Valentina Sokolovska
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Structural Feature ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Homophily is a prominent feature of social networks and consistent structural feature of societies and their segments. Defined as a tendency towards ?joining with their own kind,? homophily represents a condition in which the participants in interaction have one or more common social attributes, above the level which can be predicted by the basic model of random grouping. This paper analyzes the nature and types of homophilic interactions, focusing on the many types of homophilic networks among a wide range of dimensions in which the similarities in the social attributes of the individuals cause homophily. Special attention is paid to the origin of homophilic interaction, the impact of structural constraints on patterns of homophily, as well as cognitive processes that cause a greater likelihood of interaction between people who have similar social attributes.

Music and consumer behaviour

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. North ◽  
David J. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Issue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

This article begins with a brief overview of two particular effects of music that have received a considerable amount of attention: the effect of music on the speed with which customers behave, and the impact of music on time perception. It then illustrates the many other commercially relevant processes that can be influenced by music. Music can have a wide range of positive commercial benefits. It can influence the places that customers go to, customers' ability to achieve a desired level of arousal, the atmosphere of commercial premises, the amount which customers are prepared to spend, the amount they actually spend, the products they buy, their memory for advertising, and the amount of time they wait on hold. Since music can have many different effects it is important to prioritize those that correspond best with the business's marketing goals. Following from this, there can be no single ‘right’ type of music that is a universal commercial panacea, and the real issue is how to select music which addresses the most important marketing goals and does not hamper others.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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