scholarly journals A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Esteem, and Self-Concept

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Greenwald ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji ◽  
Laurie Ann Rudman ◽  
Shelly D. Farnham ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Affective Constructs ◽  
Widespread Interest

This theoretical integration of social psychology’s main cognitive and affective constructs was shaped by three influences: (a) recent widespread interest in automatic and implicit cognition, (b) development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT: Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), and (c) social psychology's consistency theories of the 1950s – especially Heider's (1958) balance theory. The balanced identity design is introduced as a method to test correlational predictions of the theory. Data obtained with this method revealed that predicted consistency patterns were strongly apparent in the data for implicit (IAT) measures, but not in those for parallel explicit (self-report) measures. Two additional not-yet-tested predictions of the theory are described.

On the Role of the Implicit Self-Concept in Adult Attachment

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Dewitte ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Ann Buysse
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Relational Self ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Attachment Research

We report a study that was designed to investigate attachment-related differences in the implicit self-concept and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in the context of attachment research. Two variants of the IAT were used to assess implicit relational self-esteem and relational anxiety after stress induction. Results showed that both the relational self-esteem and relational anxiety IAT (1) were meaningfully related to individual differences in attachment style and (2) predicted cognitive and affective reactions to attachment-related distress in addition to and beyond self-report measures of attachment. The results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the IAT as an index of the implicit attachment self-concept.

Discrepancies between Implicit and Explicit Self–concepts of Intelligence Predict Performance on Tests of Intelligence

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike X. R. Dislich ◽  
Roland Imhoff ◽  
Rainer Banse ◽  
Christine Altstötter–Gleich ◽  
Axel Zinkernagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
High Intelligence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Three studies investigated the correspondence between implicit and explicit self–concepts of intelligence and how that correspondence is related to performance on different intelligence tests. Configurations of these two self–concepts were found to be consistently related to performance on intelligence tests in all three studies. For individuals who self–reported high intelligence (high explicit self–concept), a negative implicit self–concept (measured with the Implicit Association Test) led to a decrease in performance on intelligence tests. For participants whose self–report indicated a low self–concept of intelligence, positive automatic associations between the self and intelligence had a similar effect. In line with a stress hypothesis, the results indicate that any discrepant configuration of self–concepts will impair performance. Importantly, the prediction of performance on intelligence tests by the self–concept of intelligence was shown to be independent of self–esteem (Study 3). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Using the Implicit Association Test to Assess Risk Propensity Self–Concept: Analysis of Its Predictive Validity on A Risk–Taking Behaviour in A Natural Setting

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Horcajo ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
David Aguado ◽  
José Manuel Hernández ◽  
M. Oliva Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Indirect Measures

The present work analyses the predictive validity of measures provided by several available self–report and indirect measurement instruments to assess risk propensity (RP) and proposes a measurement instrument using the Implicit Association Test: the IAT of Risk Propensity Self–Concept (IAT–RPSC), an adaptation of the prior IAT–RP of Dislich et al. Study 1 analysed the relationship between IAT–RPSC scores and several RP self–report measures. Participants’ risk–taking behaviour in a natural setting was also assessed, analyzing the predictive validity of the IAT–RPSC scores on risk–taking behaviour compared with the self–report measures. Study 2 analysed the predictive validity of the IAT–RPSC scores in comparison with other indirect measures. Results of these studies showed that the IAT–RPSC scores exhibited good reliability and were positively correlated to several self–report and indirect measures, providing evidence for convergent validity. Most importantly, the IAT–RPSC scores predicted risk–taking behaviour in a natural setting with real consequences above and beyond all other self–report and indirect measures analysed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

Applying the Latent State-Trait Analysis to Decompose State, Trait, and Error Components of the Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Dentale ◽  
Michele Vecchione ◽  
Valerio Ghezzi ◽  
Claudio Barbaranelli
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Explicit Correlation ◽  
Latent Traits

Abstract. In the literature, self-report scales of Self-Esteem (SE) often showed a higher test-retest correlation and a lower situational variability compared to implicit measures. Moreover, several studies showed a close to zero implicit-explicit correlation. Applying a latent state-trait (LST) model on a sample of 95 participants (80 females, mean age: 22.49 ± 6.77 years) assessed at five measurement occasions, the present study aims at decomposing latent trait, latent state residual, and measurement error of the SE Implicit Association Test (SE-IAT). Moreover, in order to compare implicit and explicit variance components, a multi-construct LST was analyzed across two occasions, including both the SE-IAT and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Results revealed that: (1) the amounts of state and trait variance in the SE-IAT were rather similar; (2) explicit SE showed a higher consistency, a lower occasion-specificity, and a lower proportion of error variance than SE-IAT; (3) latent traits of explicit and implicit SE showed a positive and significant correlation of moderate size. Theoretical implications for the implicit measurement of self-esteem were discussed.

scholarly journals A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.

2002 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Greenwald ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji ◽  
Laurie A. Rudman ◽  
Shelly D. Farnham ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Unified Theory

scholarly journals The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8168
Author(s):  
Coral M. Bruni ◽  
P. Wesley Schultz ◽  
Anna Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Environmental Identity ◽  
Balanced Structure ◽  
Nature Connectedness ◽  
Individual Scores

Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-six undergraduate students completed explicit and implicit measures of connectedness with nature, attitudes toward nature, and self-esteem. The balanced-congruity principle was supported with implicit measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test), but not explicitly with self-report measures. Results suggest that attitudes toward nature, connectedness with nature, and self-esteem form a balanced triadic structure of implicit environmental identity. The findings extend our understanding of connectedness with nature, by integrating it into a broader framework that links connectedness, attitudes, and self-esteem as a triadic form of environmental identity. This finding has important implications for practitioners interested in fostering environmental identities and promoting sustainability.

Easier When Done Than Said!

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almut Rudolph ◽  
Michela Schröder-Abé ◽  
Michael Riketta ✝ ◽  
Astrid Schütz
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Impulsive Processes ◽  
Behavioral Criteria

Evidence for the criterion validity of indirect self-esteem measures is still limited, with only some studies finding effects of implicit (ISE) independent of explicit (ESE) self-esteem. This may be due to the fact that studies predicting actual behavior are particularly rare. The present study contributes evidence to the predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test and a recently developed self-judgment task under cognitive load. We used criteria beyond self-report: experimenter ratings of anxiety, linguistic aspects of anxiety, and spontaneous self-confident behaviors. Using paired criteria, we tested a double dissociation of ISE and ESE. Results supported our hypothesis: ISE predicted self-confident behaviors or aspects of anxiety that ESE was not able to predict, and vice versa. Thus, differential predictive validity of both measures of self-esteem was demonstrated. With behavioral criteria that tapped into impulsive processes, ISE was a better predictor than ESE was.

scholarly journals Consequential Validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on Blanton and Jaccard (2006)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Greenwald ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Natarajan Sriram
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Consequential Validity ◽  
Sensitivity Measure

Numeric values of psychological measures often have an arbitrary character before research has grounded their meanings, thereby providing what S. J. Messick (1995) called consequential validity (part of which H. Blanton and J. Jaccard, 200x, now identify as metric meaningfulness). Some measures are predisposed by their design to acquire meanings easily — an example being the sensitivity measure of signal detection theory. Others are less well prepared — illustrated by most self-report measures of self-esteem. Counter to Blanton and Jaccard’s characterization, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has properties that predispose it to acquire consequential validity rapidly. With over 250 publications since 1998, there is now much evidence for consequential validity of the IAT. The IAT has attracted more scholarly criticism than have other measures designed for similar purposes. We speculate as to why the IAT is an attractive target.

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